集雨限灌对旱作马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响

在大田条件下研究了集雨有限补偿灌溉对旱区马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,补灌能显著提高旱作马铃薯的产量、水分利用效率和经济系数。与对照相比,补灌处理产量增幅在3.99%~21.21%之间,苗期补灌产量高于薯块膨大期补灌,苗期补灌45 mm具有超补偿效应,补灌90 mm具有高补偿效应。低定额补灌有利于水分利用效率和灌水利用效率的提高,且苗期补灌高于薯块膨大期补灌。补灌明显降低了薯块小薯率而提高了大薯率和中薯率,另外单株薯重也提高了,单株薯重与大薯率对马铃薯的产量贡献最大。综合分析认为苗期补灌45 mm和90 mm是最优补灌方案和备选方案。     

供水工程影响下中国北方地区耕地后备资源开发潜力

灌溉水源是北方地区耕地后备资源能否有效开发的关键。当前,中国正在推动国家水网工程规划建设,为北方地区耕地后备资源开发提供了新的机遇。在以往研究基础上,该研究考虑北方地区已建、在建及规划的供水工程,基于自然适宜、利用高效、发展稳定三方面评价准则,结合三维魔方空间分类方法,开展了雨养情景和供水灌溉情景下耕地后备资源开发潜力分析。结果表明：雨养农业情景下,北方地区勉强适宜（Ⅱ级）、中度（Ⅲ级）和高度（Ⅳ级）适宜的耕地后备资源面积分别为2.9万、1.0万和0.6万km²。灌溉农业情景下,耕地后备资源面积明显增加,勉强适宜（Ⅱ级）、中度（Ⅲ级）和高度（Ⅳ级）适宜的耕地后备资源面积将分别达到5.4万、7.6万和6.5万km²,主要集中于新疆、内蒙古和甘肃3省（自治区）。该研究结果可为中国耕地后备资源开发利用及国家水网工程效益发挥提供参考。     

Drought Tolerance and Water Use of Cereal Crops: A Focus on Sorghum as a Food Security Crop in Sub‐Saharan Africa

Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) faces twin challenges of water stress and food insecurity – challenges that are already pressing and are projected to grow. Sub‐Saharan Africa comprises 43 % arid and semi‐arid area, which is projected to increase due to climate change. Small‐scale, rainfed agriculture is the main livelihood source in arid and semi‐arid areas of SSA. Because rainfed agriculture constitutes more than 95 % of agricultural land use, water scarcity is a major limitation to production. Crop production, specifically staple cereal crop production, will have to adapt to water scarcity and improved water productivity (output per water input) to meet food requirements. We propose inclusion and promotion of drought‐tolerant cereal crops in arid and semi‐arid agro‐ecological zones of SSA where water scarcity is a major limitation to cereal production. Sorghum uniquely fits production in such regions, due to high and stable water‐use efficiency, drought and heat tolerance, high germplasm variability, comparative nutritional value and existing food value chain in SSA. However, sorghum is socio‐economically and geographically underutilized in parts of SSA. Sorghum inclusion and/or promotion in arid and semi‐arid areas of SSA, especially among subsistence farmers, will improve water productivity and food security.     

Analysis of residuals for stability assessment of rice genotypes

The analysis of residuals computes general adaptabilities (GAs) and specific adaptabilities (SAs) of genotypes similar to combining ability analysis. The residual analysis is simple and robust being based on the first-degree statistics, and is assumption-free. A unique statistic of ratio of variances (VR) of residuals for individual genotypes allows comparing their stability. The residuals analysis of genotype × environment (GE) interactions was performed for grain yield (t ha^?1) of 25 rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes, including two developed by marker-assisted selection for root traits quantitative trait loci (QTL), tested across 16 sites. Results were compared with the linear regression analysis for (i) full set of 16 sites showing adequacy of linear model and (ii) subset of nine-poor sites showing inadequacy of linear model. There was agreement between the two analyses for situation (i) but not for situation (ii) when the regression analysis fails because of nonlinearity but the residual analysis retains its validity.     

马铃薯种植栽培管理技术要点研究

在粮食作物中，马铃薯属于关键，诸多国家都是马铃薯产国，我国马铃薯种植栽培面积也十 分广泛，所以，需要针对于马铃薯特征全面普及其种植与栽培技术，以此来保障马铃薯总产量。     

农牧交错带灌溉和旱作模式下马铃薯耗水差异

为揭示北方农牧交错带地区马铃薯“水改旱”种植对其产量和水分利用的影响,选取中国北方农牧交错带地区27个站点,基于站点的气象数据、土壤数据和管理数据驱动充分验证的APSIM-Potato模型,模拟分析农牧交错带地区灌溉和雨养马铃薯的耗水差异。结果表明：北方农牧交错带地区马铃薯种植连续灌溉10、20 a和30 a的产量分别为15 900～35 600、16 400～34 800 kg·hm^-2和16 600～34 800 kg·hm^-2,改为旱作后对应的产量分别为12 800～30 600、13 900～29 100 kg·hm^-2和12 700～25 500 kg·hm^-2;灌溉马铃薯产量均表现为西部较高,旱作马铃薯产量则为东部较高。连续灌溉10、20 a和30 a的播前1 m土层土壤含水量分别为163～388、161～394 mm和154～398 mm,改为旱作后分别下降31.8%、35.3%和36.9%。连续灌溉10、20 a和30 a后的地下水消耗量分别为5 360～21 330、8 910～4...     

复配剂中霜脲氰在马铃薯和土壤中残留动态研究

采用田间试验方法，研究了霜脲氰在马铃薯及土壤中的残留动态，应用液相色谱法测定了霜脲氰在马铃薯和土壤中的残留量。结果表明，霜脲氰在马铃薯和土壤中消解较快，半衰期分别为2．26d和5．75d，施药3240g ai·hm^-23次时，末次施药距收获间隔28d，霜脲氰的残留量在马铃薯中低于0．0098mg·kg^-1，在土壤中为ND-0．0100mg·kg^-1。该药属易分解农药（％〈30d），按推荐使用剂量使用是安全的。     

Differential Competitive Ability and Growth Habit of Pearl Millet and Clusterbean Cultivars in a Mixed Cropping System in the Arid Zone of India

Dryland sustainable agriculture in the arid zone of India depends upon the choice of suitable cultivars for pure and mixed crop stands. Field experiments were conducted for two years to examine the response of two contrasting cultivars each of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) in pure stands and in mixed pearl millet‐clusterbean stands. The differential response of cultivars of both crops to pure and mixed stands resulted in a significant genotype × cropping system interaction. Reduction in seed yield of both clusterbean cultivars was greater in mixed stands with tall and long duration pearl millet MH 179 than with medium statured and early maturing HHB 67. The degree of reduction was greater in Naveen, the branched clusterbean cultivar, than in RGC 197, the single stemmed cultivar. Mixing of pearl millet HHB 67 with medium duration clusterbean cultivar Naveen produced maximum pearl millet equivalent total yield. Higher land equivalent ratios (LERs) were also observed when clusterbean cultivars were mixed with early maturing and short statured pearl millet HHB 67.     

基于APSIM模型的内蒙古四大生态区不同降水年型下主要作物适应性评价

【目的】探究内蒙古四大生态区（黄土高原、阴山北麓、燕山丘陵和大兴安岭）不同降水年型下主要作物（玉米、马铃薯、莜麦、油菜、油葵和食葵）的适应性,为优化内蒙古主要作物布局提供重要科学参考。【方法】本研究选取4个生态区的典型站点,应用验证后的APSIM模型定量6种作物的潜在产量、雨养产量和产量差,以此计算不同降水年型下作物减产率,评估其适应性并基于作物水分生产函数解析作物对水分的敏感性。【结果】（1）6种作物营养生长期、生殖生长期和产量模拟值与实测值的RMSE分别为10.1 d、8.9 d和1 322.4 kg·hm^-2,NRMSE分别为14.6%、19.2%和22.6%,表明模型能够较好地模拟不同区域各作物的生长发育和产量形成。（2）玉米、马铃薯、莜麦、油菜、油葵与食葵的潜在干重产量分别为12 024±4 874、7 315±806、6 611±906、2 424±326、2 721±205、4 905±428 kg·hm^-2,莜麦与食葵的最大潜在产量在阴山北麓,其他4种作物的最大潜在产量在黄土高原。玉米、马铃薯、莜麦、油菜、油葵与食葵的雨养干重产量分别为3 056±2 902、3 337±1 608、2 974±1 677、912±511、869±618、1 508±984 kg·hm^-2,6种作物的雨养产量自西向东递增,在大兴安岭达到最大值。玉米、马铃薯、莜麦、油菜、油葵与食葵的产量差分别为8 968±5 844、3 978±2 358、3 637±2 122、1 512±832、1 852±749、3 397±1 328 kg·hm^-2,除玉米与莜麦外的4种作物产量差自西向东递减,在大兴安岭达到最低值。（3）以雨养产量相对于潜在产量的减产率为干旱指标,并参考雨养产量的变异系数,则在雨养条件下,黄土高原区各作物均不适宜种植;阴山北麓区枯水年各作物均不适宜种植,平水年适宜种植马铃薯,丰水年则适宜种植马铃薯、莜麦;燕山丘陵区枯水年各作物均不适宜种植,平水年适宜种植马铃薯与莜麦,丰水年6种作物均适宜种植;大兴安岭区枯水年适宜种植马铃薯、莜麦、油菜与食葵,平水年与丰水年6种作物均适宜种植。（4）6种作物的相对蒸散与相对产量的线性相关均达到了极显著水平（P<0.01）,R²在0.84—0.99。作物对水分亏缺的敏感度为：油葵>食葵>玉米>莜麦>油菜>马铃薯。【结论】本研究揭示了内蒙古四大生态区不同降水年型下作物的适应性,6种作物对水分的敏感性差异较大,雨养条件下,马铃薯在阴山北麓与燕山丘陵的平水年与丰水年型以及大兴安岭的所有年型下均适宜种植,莜麦在阴山北麓的丰水年型、燕山丘陵的平水和丰水年型以及大兴安岭的所有年型下均适宜种植,油菜与食葵在燕山丘陵的丰水年,大兴安岭的所有年型下均适宜种植,而玉米与油葵仅在燕山丘陵的丰水年,大兴安岭的平水年与丰水年型下适宜种植。