Genetic variation in root development responses to salt stresses of quinoa

Soil salinity has become a serious environmental abiotic stress limiting crop productivity and quality. The root system is the first organ sensing the changes in salinity. Root development under elevated salinity is therefore an important indicator for saline tolerance in plants. Previous studies focused on varietal differences in morphological traits of quinoa under saline stresses; however, variation in root development responses to salinity remains largely unknown. To understand the genetic variation in root development responses to salt stress of quinoa, we conducted a preliminary screening for salinity response at two salinity levels of a diverse set of 52 quinoa genotypes and microsatellite markers were used to link molecular variation to that in root development responses to salt stresses of represented genotypes. The frequency distribution of saline tolerance index showed continuous variation in the quinoa collection. Cluster analysis of salinity responses divided the 52 quinoa genotypes into six major groups. Based on these results, six genotypes representative of groups I to VI including Black quinoa, 2-Want, Atlas, Riobamba, NL-6 and Sayaña, respectively, were selected to evaluate root development under four saline stress levels: 0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl. Contrasts in root development responses to saline stress levels were observed in the six genotypes. At 100 mM NaCl, significant differences were not observed in root length development (RLD) and root surface development (RSAD) of most genotypes except Black quinoa; a significant reduction was observed in this genotype as compared to controls. At 200 mM NaCl, significant reduction was detected in RLD and RSAD in all genotypes showing this as the best concentration to discriminate among genotypes. The strongest inhibition of root development was found for all genotypes at 300 mM NaCl as compared to lower saline levels. Among genotypes, Atlas of group III shows as a saline-tolerant genotype confirming previous reports. Variation in root responses to salinity stresses is also discussed in relation to climate conditions of origins of the genotypes and reveal interesting guidelines for further studies exploring the mechanisms behind this aspect of saline adaptation.     

不同品种藜麦苗期对海拔变化的生理响应

为研究不同品种藜麦幼苗对海拔梯度变化的生理响应机制,本试验以4个藜麦品种—‘陇藜1号’、‘陇藜2号’、‘陇藜3号’及‘陇藜4号’为材料,选取甘南州临潭县3个不同海拔(2380 m,2580 m,2780 m)分布区为试验地。通过测定幼苗生物量及生理生化指标,分析不同藜麦品种幼苗在不同海拔试验区的生理响应机制,为建立藜麦品种和环境相适宜的评价体系提供参考依据。结果表明,随海拔升高,藜麦叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白以及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)含量逐渐降低,海拔2780 m最低;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)逐渐升高,在海拔2780 m达到最大值;超氧阴离子(O2·-)产生速率呈现先升高后降低的趋势。不同藜麦品种幼苗生物量随着海拔的升高逐渐降低。说明高海拔下太阳辐射强度增大、温度降低,导致藜麦幼苗植株抗氧化酶活性升高以清除多余活性氧(ROS)自由基,使得植株能够适应高海拔环境而正常生长,但生物量较低海拔仍有降低。因此,不同品种藜麦在低海拔地区受到的胁迫较低,虽然在高海拔区域胁迫加剧,但藜麦幼苗可以正常生长并进行干物质的积累。     

干旱胁迫对不同藜麦种子萌发及生理特性的影响

为研究不同干旱程度对不同藜麦种子萌发及幼苗生长期耐旱性的影响,以忻藜1号（黑藜）、忻藜2号（白藜）和忻藜3号（红藜）为材料,采用培养皿萌发、土培育苗的方法,设置6个PEG 6000浓度梯度（0、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%）,对3种藜麦的种子和幼苗进行处理,测定其种子发芽率、发芽势、下胚轴长、根长等指标和幼苗脯氨酸含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和过氧化物酶（POD）活性等生理指标。结果表明：（1）随着PEG 6000浓度的升高,藜麦种子的发芽势、发芽率、下胚轴长和根长都呈现逐渐降低的趋势,用回归分析求得白藜半致死PEG 6000干旱胁迫浓度为20.02%,黑藜为20.25%,红藜为24.70%;（2）随着PEG 6000浓度的升高,3种藜麦幼苗SOD和POD活性都呈先升后降的趋势;MDA和脯氨酸含量与干旱胁迫程度呈显著正相关关系。由此可得,红藜耐旱性最强,黑藜次之,白藜最差。     

基于GC-MS分析两地白色藜麦种子的代谢差异

为了探究四川盐源县和青海都兰县白色藜麦种子的代谢物质差异,对其进行非靶向代谢组学的分析。利用GC-MS技术以及多元统计分析对两地的白色藜麦种子进行比较,发现两地的藜麦种子代谢物质有差异,共检测到29个显著差异物质,主要包括15个氨基酸、6个有机酸和一些糖醇、胺类、多酚、生物碱。其中有22个代谢物质表达上调,7个表达下调,在上调表达代谢物中有12个氨基酸(甘氨酸、L-缬氨酸、谷胱甘肽、GABA等)和5个有机酸(乳清酸、肉桂酸、2-氧戊二酸等)。通过MetaboAnalyst进行通路分析,发现有24条代谢通路与上调表达代谢物相关,其中有7条通路影响较显著,分别为谷胱甘肽代谢,氮代谢,丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢,氨酰基-tRNA生物合成,苯基丙氨酸代谢,硫代谢,甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢。谷胱甘肽代谢途径的影响最为显著,而此途径与植物的抗逆性密切相关,其中检测到的代谢物主要有甘氨酸和谷胱甘肽在四川盐源的藜麦中有更高的表达水平,表明四川盐源的白色藜麦较青海都兰的白色藜麦有更强的抗氧化能力,使得植物有较好的抗逆性能在逆境中生存,这为指导两地白色藜麦的栽培育种和抗逆性机理的研究提供了理论依据。     

The Situation for Quinoa and Its Production in Southern Bolivia: From Economic Success to Environmental Disaster

In Bolivia, one of the world’s most important centres of plant domestication, there is growing awareness of the value of native Andean crops, both for domestic consumption and for market sale – notably the virtually boom‐like consumer demand for quinoa around the world. The southern altiplano of Bolivia, south of Oruro, relies almost purely on the production of quinoa and breeding of llamas, which have also been selected as the two commodities of priority to the government to increase the income of the country. Presently, however, quinoa is facing increasing problems in production, owing to its increasing export market and price. The flat areas around the salt desert of the southern altiplano, previously characterized by natural vegetation fed by the llamas, are being increasingly sown with quinoa, hence transformed into deserts, because intensive cultivation methods make the soil loose its fertility. Possible solutions to these problems will require extensive efforts in the south, in addition to various strategies, which also include other parts of the Bolivian altiplano and a strengthened focus on other Andean crops.     

藜麦特性及研究现状

概述了藜麦的生物学特性、营养价值，总结分析了国内外对藜麦耐盐碱、抗旱、化学成分等方面的研究进展，探讨了国内藜麦种植现状及其推广开发存在的问题，并对其发展应用前景进行展望，以期为藜麦研究开发提供参考依据。     

基于近红外光谱法快速检测藜麦纤维含量

[目的]探索一种快速测定完整藜麦籽粒纤维含量的方法。[方法]采集100个藜麦样品的近红外光谱,运用近红外光谱分析技术建立数学模型并进行预测。[结果]在10 000~4 000 cm~(-1)波长范围内,运用一阶导数+矢量归一化光谱方法进行预处理,结合化学方法所得数据建立藜麦粗纤维近红外定量模型,校正和预测效果最佳,所得的粗纤维近红外定量模型的交叉验证决定系数为0.884 8,外部验证决定系数为0.876 1。[结论]以完整藜麦籽粒为样品所建立的纤维NITS模型可用于藜麦纤维含量的快速检测。     

藜麦研究进展及发展前景

藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa),苋科藜属植物,原产于南美洲安第斯山脉高原地区,具有大约5000~7000年的种植历史,是当地印加人备受推崇的主要粮食作物之一,近些年因为其全面的营养价值和均衡的氨基酸比例以及药用保健价值收到追捧,引起了许多科研工作者的兴趣。为了给科研工作者提供一些研究方向的参考,通过对国内外对藜麦的研究文献进行汇总,归纳了在藜麦的引种栽培、营养成分分析、产品开发利用、遗传谱系研究、抗逆性研究、抗病虫害研究等方面的最新研究进展,提出了一些在研究中尚未解决的问题,如藜麦在低海拔地区产量和品质降低、藜麦的多种药用保健作用、藜麦副产物的利用等,将成为未来研究的重点方向,并分析了藜麦作为一种杂粮作物在中国西北地区的引种栽培以及发展潜力。     

Electrophoretic Characterization of Quinoa Seed Proteins

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is an important domesticated food crop of the Andean highlands with potential as an alternative crop elsewhere. Among its most attractive characteristics are the quantity and favorable amino acid balance of the seed proteins. The objective of this study was to characterize quinoa seed proteins by electrophoretic mobility, solubility fractionation, and genetic variability from a wide genetic base. Electrophoretic profiles of denatured albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin solubility fractions demonstrated that quinoa seed polypeptides could be classified as either albumin or globulin with most predominant polypeptides in the globulin fraction. Insignificant amounts of protein were present in the prolamin fraction and all polypeptides in the glutelin fraction had identical electrophoretic mobilities to albumins and globulins. Three globulin polypeptides of 34.3, 35.6, and 36.2 kilodaltons in size were highly variable within and among the accessions examined and appear to be coded by at least two loci. Two-dimensional peptide mapping revealed that these three polypeptides were homologous. These highly variable markers could be used for identification and classification of germplasm and elucidation of systematics and genetic variability within the quinoa germplasm pool. All other major polypeptides were electrophoretically invariant among the accessions examined.