土壤铅和镉溶出伏安法检测中影响因素及其削弱方法研究进展

溶出伏安法具有分析速度快、成本低、灵敏度高等优点被广泛应用于检测土壤重金属含量，但在检测土壤重金属时，溶出伏安检测精度会受到多方面因素的影响。该文在介绍溶出伏安法工作原理的基础上，从伏安参数、试验条件和土壤物质成分三方面阐述溶出伏安法检测土壤Pb2+和Cd2+为的影响因素，解析各因素的影响机理，归纳影响削弱方法的研究进展。研究结论为：方波脉冲阳极溶出伏安法最常用于检测土壤Pb2+和Cd2+，伏安参数包括脉冲幅值、电压增量和脉冲频率，试验条件包括沉积时间、沉积电压和支持电解质种类及其pH值，土壤成分主要干扰因素包括非目标重金属和有机质。针对伏安参数和试验条件的影响可以设计优化试验有效削弱。针对非目标重金属和有机质的干扰影响，目前研究还没有提出有效的削弱方法。最后，展望了溶出伏安法检测土壤重金属的未来发展方向。     

Identifying and Characterizing a Novel Peritrophic Matrix Protein (MdPM-17) Associated With Antibacterial Response From the Housefly,Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

Peritrophic matrix/membrane (PM) critically prevents the midgut of insects from external invasion by microbes. The proteins in the peritrophic membrane are its major structural components. Additionally, they determine the formation and function of this membrane. However, the role of PM proteins in immune regulation is unclear. Herein, we isolated a novel PM protein (MdPM-17) from Musca domestica larvae. Further, the function of MdPM-17 in regulating host innate immunity was identified. Results showed that the cDNA of MdPM-17 full is 635 bp in length. Moreover, it consists of a 477-bp open reading frame encoding 158 amino acid residues. These amino acid residues are composed of two Chitin-binding type-2 domain (ChtBD2) and 19 amino acids as a signal peptide. Moreover, tissue distribution analysis indicates that MdPM-17 was enriched expressed in midgut, and moderate levels in the fat body, foregut, and malpighian tubule. Notably, MdPM-17 recombinant protein showed high chitin-binding capacity, thus belongs to the Class III PM protein group. MdPM-17 protein silencing via RNA interference resulted in the expression of antimicrobial peptide (defensin, cecropins, and diptericin) genes, and this occurred after oral inoculation with exogenous microbes Escherichia coli (Enterobacteriales:Enterobacteriaceae), Staphylococcus aureus (Bacillales:Staphylococcaceae), and Candida albicans (Endomycetales:Saccharomycetaceae)). Therefore, all the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene expression levels are high in MdPM-17-depleted larvae during microbial infection compared to controls. Consequently, these findings indicate that MdPM-17 protein is associated with the antibacterial response from the housefly.     

农业装备升降装置非接触式光纤位移传感器设计与试验

为了解决农业设备位移的宽量程、高灵敏度非接触测量问题,提出一种基于Peanut-shape迈克尔逊干涉结构的非接触式光纤位移传感器。分析了光纤Peanut-shape迈克尔逊干涉原理,设计了将磁场与Peanut-shape结构形成的全纤式迈克尔逊干涉相结合的传感器结构,并通过磁场仿真,得到磁场强度曲线。建立了传感器应变标定系统和位移测试系统。试验结果表明:Peanut-shape迈克尔逊干涉的光纤传感器应变灵敏度达到1. 82 pm/με,是普通光纤的1. 5倍,线性度为0. 997;位移测试得到的光谱曲线与磁场仿真曲线结果一致,可以实现位移的测量,且线性拟合度达到0. 999。     

龟纹瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食作用

为明确龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的控害潜力,在(25±1)℃、L∥D=16 h//8 h、RH (60±5)%的条件下研究了龟纹瓢虫雌、雄成虫和4龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵、1龄和2龄幼虫的捕食能力。结果表明,龟纹瓢虫4龄幼虫和雌、雄成虫对草地贪夜蛾卵、1龄和2龄幼虫的捕食反应均符合HollingⅡ模型。龟纹瓢虫雌、雄成虫和4龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵的日最大捕食量分别为204.6、110.9粒和124.7粒,瞬时攻击率分别为1.125、1.658和1.429,处理时间分别为0.004 9、0.009 0 d和0.008 0 d;对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为242.4、265.5头和109.4头,瞬时攻击率分别为1.233、1.038和1.411,处理时间分别为0.004 1、0.003 8 d和0.009 1 d;对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为41.2、40.3头和27.6头,瞬时攻击率分别为1.386、1.226和1.685,处理时间分别为0.024 3、0.024 8 d和0.036 2 d。雌、雄成虫和4龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的搜寻效应均随着猎物密度的增加而降低。龟纹瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和1龄幼虫的捕食量高于2龄幼虫。结果表明龟纹瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫具有较好的控制作用,为利用龟纹瓢虫控制草地贪夜蛾提供了理论依据。     

东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食效应

为探明东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的控制潜力,开展了不同温度下东亚小花蝽对不同龄期和密度的草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应与干扰作用研究。结果表明:当东亚小花蝽捕食1龄或2龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫时,其捕食功能反应与HollingⅡ模型拟合度较好。东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫在20℃、25℃和28℃下的瞬时攻击率分别为0.772 4、1.090 0、0.673 6,处理单头幼虫的时间为0.174 9、0.173 7、0.295 5 d,对2龄幼虫,在20℃、25℃和28℃下的瞬时攻击率分别为0.794 5、1.153 8、0.392 2,处理单头幼虫的时间为0.218 9、0.805 6、0.696 0 d;东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食量表现出随着猎物密度增加而上升,随自身密度的增加而下降的趋势;同一温度下,东亚小花蝽对1龄幼虫的日均捕食量和寻找效应均高于2龄幼虫,寻找效应与猎物密度成反比;东亚小花蝽对3龄和4龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫的日均捕食量为0;田间自然状态下东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的控制率为34.62%。     

周晓平(宁化县县属国有林场,福建,宁化365400)

近些年来宁化县非常注重高质量、高品位绿色发展要求,保护好绿水青山才能成就金山银山的经营理念不断向纵深推进,人们对乡土树种越来越倍加珍惜,因此急需加快乡土树种栽培与保护。本文从乡土树种林业内涵展开分析,阐述了乡土树种在宁化县生态恢复过程中的作用,主要从乡土树种具有生长快_^[1]、适应性强、病虫害少、用途多、改良土壤性强、森林植物群落多样性丰富、林分生产力强、再生繁衍能力强等方面深入探索,从而证明了乡土树种在树种优选方面的重要作用。     

Breeding for provitamin A biofortification of maize (Zea mays L.)

Vitamin A deficiency is widely prevailing in children and women of developing countries. Deficiency of vitamin A causes night blindness, growth retardation, xerophthalmia and increases the susceptibility against epidemic diseases. Among different interventions of overcoming malnutrition, biofortification is the most acceptable and preferred intervention among researchers, growers and consumers. Maize is grown and consumed in those regions where vitamin A deficiency is most prevalent; thus, targeting this crop for provitamin A biofortification is the most appropriate solution. Different breeding strategies including diversity analysis, introduction and stability analysis of exotic germplasm, hybridization, heterosis breeding, mutagenesis and marker‐assisted selection are practised for exploring maize germplasm and development of provitamin A‐enriched cultivars. Genome‐wide association selection and development of transgenic maize genotypes are also being practised, whereas RNA interference and genome editing tools could also be used as potential strategies for provitamin A biofortification of maize genotypes. The use of these breeding strategies for provitamin A biofortification of maize is comprehensively reviewed to provide a working outline for maize breeders.     

RNA干扰对大鲵蛙病毒主要功能基因表达及其增殖的影响

采用q PCR与病毒滴度测定观察RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)对大鲵蛙病毒(Chinese giant salamander ranavirus,CGSRV)主要衣壳蛋白(major capsid protein,MCP)、甲基转移酶(methyltransferases,MTases)、DNA多聚酶(DNA polymerase)基因表达与病毒增殖的影响。结果表明,小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)能推迟鲤鱼上皮瘤细胞(epithelioma papillosum cyprini,EPC)出现病变,且病变程度也较对照组轻。在各功能基因表达量上,NC-FAM对照组与阴性对照组差异不显著(P0.05);而干扰组的干扰率极显著高于阴性对照组,其中siR-DP-1组siRNA对MCP基因的干扰率为79%,极显著高于其余组(P0.01);siR-MT-1、siR-MT-2组siRNA对MTases基因的干扰率为77%,极显著高于其余组(P0.01);siR-DP-1组siRNA对DNA polymerase基因的干扰率为79%,极显著高于其余组(P0.01)。干扰实验组病毒滴度与NC-FAM对照组和阴性对照组相比也有不同程度的降低。阴性对照组lg TCID50为8.362,NC-FAM对照组lg TCID50为7.848,siR-MCP、siR-MT、siR-DP实验组最低lg TCID50分别为5.764、5.317、5.362。证实RNAi能够抑制CGSRV主要功能基因的表达并影响病毒的复制。     

Rodent abundance triggered switch between the relative mutualism and predation in a rodent–seed system of the subtropical island forest

Density-dependent non-monotonic species interactions are important in maintaining ecosystem stability and function, but empirical evidences are still rare. Rodents, as both seed dispersers and seed predators, have dual effects on plant regeneration and may result in non-monotonic rodent-plant interactions. According to the non-monotonic models, the relative positive or negative effects of rodents on seedling establishment can be measured based on the positive or negative association of seedling recruitment rate and rodent abundance. In this study, we investigated the fates of acorns of Quercus serrata by tracking tagged seeds on 21 fragmented subtropical islands in the Thousand Island Lake, China. We found that the proportion of germinated seeds of all released seeds showed a dome-shaped association with rodent abundance per seed. The proportion of removed seeds and cached seeds showed a saturated- and a weak dome-shaped association with rodent abundance per seed, respectively. Our results demonstrated a clear empirical evidence that rodent abundance per seed triggered a switch between the relative mutualism and predation in a rodent–seed system. Our study implied that the observed non-monotonic interactions between plants and animals may play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function. We appeal for more investigations of the complex non-monotonic interactions in various ecosystems.     

Grain Quality as Affected by Down-regulation of Expression of Different ALK Alleles in indica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

【Objective】Gelatinization temperature (GT) is one of the key physicochemical properties in rice quality, which is mainly regulated by ALK (SSII-3) gene. In general, there are two ALK alleles among indica cultivars. To detect their functional differentiation in indica rice,【Method】Zhenshan 97B (a high GT variety carrying ALKc allele) and Longtefu B (a low GT variety carrying ALKb allele), were used as receptors for the generation of transgenic rice with down-regulation of ALK expression by RNA interference (RNAi).【Result】Down-regulation of ALK gene significantly decreased the GT of the transgenic lines. Due to the difference of original GT between the two receptors, the GT of transgenic rice lines derived from Zhenshan 97B (a high GT variety) decreased significantly, but it is slightly decreased in transgenic plants derived from Longtefu B (a low GT variety). The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the initial temperature of RNAi transgenic rice was significantly lower than the corresponding control and the transgenic lines were gelatinized in advance. The peak value of GT(Tp) in RNAi rice grains was significantly lower than that of the control under Zhenshan 97B background. However, Tp of RNAi rice grains under Longtefu B background was significantly lower than the control to a lesser extent. Also, down-regulation of ALK expression had a significant effect on rice physical-chemical characteristics. An increase of apparent amylose content in RNAi transgenic plants was detected due to the decreased expression of ALK gene. Besides, the pasting properties showed that down-regulation of ALK gene had obvious effects on peak viscosity and breakdown value, improving the taste of the transgenic rice. The gel consistency was significantly different among Zhenshan 97B RNAi lines and their parents, but no difference was found in Longtefu-derived transgenic lines.【Conclusion】RNA interference to ALK allele expression had a significant effect on rice quality, especially the gelatinization characters. Down-regulated expression level of ALKc allele would cause larger variation of physical-chemical characteristics between transgenic rice and their parent than that of ALKb allele.