非昆虫源人工饲料饲养的七星瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食功能

为评价非昆虫源人工饲料饲养七星瓢虫的捕食能力，在室内比较了用人工饲料饲养的七星瓢虫种群和蚜虫饲养的七星瓢虫种群对豆蚜捕食作用的异同。结果表明，两种七星瓢虫种群各虫态的捕食量均随着猎物密度的增加而上升，当猎物密度增加到一定水平，捕食量趋向稳定，捕食功能反应曲线均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程。人工饲料饲养种群的1～4龄幼虫、雌成虫和雄成虫的理论最大日捕食量分别是20.9、36.0、100.2、403.2、490.9和395.3头，蚜虫饲养种群的1～4龄幼虫、雌成虫和雄成虫的理论最大日捕食量分别是20.0、28.9、102.1、476.2、472.2和396.4头。结果说明两种种群各虫态对豆蚜的最大日捕食量差异不大，表明人工饲料饲养的七星瓢虫对豆蚜也有较强的控制作用。     

东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食效应

为探明东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的控制潜力,开展了不同温度下东亚小花蝽对不同龄期和密度的草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应与干扰作用研究。结果表明:当东亚小花蝽捕食1龄或2龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫时,其捕食功能反应与HollingⅡ模型拟合度较好。东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫在20℃、25℃和28℃下的瞬时攻击率分别为0.772 4、1.090 0、0.673 6,处理单头幼虫的时间为0.174 9、0.173 7、0.295 5 d,对2龄幼虫,在20℃、25℃和28℃下的瞬时攻击率分别为0.794 5、1.153 8、0.392 2,处理单头幼虫的时间为0.218 9、0.805 6、0.696 0 d;东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食量表现出随着猎物密度增加而上升,随自身密度的增加而下降的趋势;同一温度下,东亚小花蝽对1龄幼虫的日均捕食量和寻找效应均高于2龄幼虫,寻找效应与猎物密度成反比;东亚小花蝽对3龄和4龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫的日均捕食量为0;田间自然状态下东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的控制率为34.62%。     

Evidence of cormorant‐induced mortality,disparate migration strategies and repeatable circadian rhythm in the endangered North Sea houting (Coregonus oxyrinchus): A telemetry study mapping the postspawning migration

Life history theory predicts a trade‐off between migration and residency where migration is favoured when it infers elevated fitness. Although migration to more favourable environments may offer higher growth rates, migrants often experience increased mortality due to predation. Here, we investigated mortality and migration behaviour of the North Sea houting (Coregonus oxyrinchus), an anadromous salmonid endemic to the Wadden Sea. We used acoustic telemetry to map the migration of the only remaining indigenous population by applying stationary hydrophones combined with manual tracking. Data suggested a total mortality of 26%, with 30% of the total mortality attributed to predation by great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis), highlighting that North Sea houting conservation could be jeopardised by increased cormorant predation. Risk of cormorant predation was size‐dependent, with smaller fish suffering higher risk of predation. The study found North Sea houting to exhibit disparate migration strategies and identified a lentic area in the estuary as an important habitat. Two newly established artificial lakes within the river system significantly reduced the migration speeds, possibly indicating constrained navigation through the lakes. The migration into the Wadden Sea correlated with temperature perhaps indicating osmoregulatory constraints of sea entry. Unlike many salmonid species, migration occurred both day and night. Moreover, fish exhibited repeatable individual differences in diel activity patterns, suggesting that individuals differ consistently in their migratory activity throughout the 24‐hr period. Our study provides novel information on salmonid migration, which is crucial for the development of science‐based conservation strategies.     

龟纹瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食作用

为明确龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的控害潜力,在(25±1)℃、L∥D=16 h//8 h、RH (60±5)%的条件下研究了龟纹瓢虫雌、雄成虫和4龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵、1龄和2龄幼虫的捕食能力。结果表明,龟纹瓢虫4龄幼虫和雌、雄成虫对草地贪夜蛾卵、1龄和2龄幼虫的捕食反应均符合HollingⅡ模型。龟纹瓢虫雌、雄成虫和4龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵的日最大捕食量分别为204.6、110.9粒和124.7粒,瞬时攻击率分别为1.125、1.658和1.429,处理时间分别为0.004 9、0.009 0 d和0.008 0 d;对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为242.4、265.5头和109.4头,瞬时攻击率分别为1.233、1.038和1.411,处理时间分别为0.004 1、0.003 8 d和0.009 1 d;对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为41.2、40.3头和27.6头,瞬时攻击率分别为1.386、1.226和1.685,处理时间分别为0.024 3、0.024 8 d和0.036 2 d。雌、雄成虫和4龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的搜寻效应均随着猎物密度的增加而降低。龟纹瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和1龄幼虫的捕食量高于2龄幼虫。结果表明龟纹瓢虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫具有较好的控制作用,为利用龟纹瓢虫控制草地贪夜蛾提供了理论依据。     

瓢虫的集团内捕食作用

本文综述了近年来对不同种类瓢虫之间、瓢虫与其他天敌之间集团内捕食作用的研究进展，阐述了影响瓢虫集团内捕食作用的关键因素，探讨了集团内捕食对害虫生物防治的影响。综述为我国进行瓢虫集团内捕食作用评估、农田景观多样性对集团内捕食作用的影响机制研究以及田间瓢虫与其他天敌协同利用措施的研发提供科学参考。     

鳜视觉和侧线感觉调控捕食行为的动态观察

鳜（Siniperca chuatsi）具有独特的捕食习性。为研究鳜捕食行为相关主要感觉——视觉和侧线感觉调控的捕食行为特征，利用高速摄像与感官抑制技术对鳜的独特捕食行为进行了分析，将实验鳜分为4组：G_C（对照组，视觉与侧线感觉均具备），G_V（只有视觉），G_L（只有侧线感觉）和G_DS（视觉、侧线感觉均不具备）4组。对各组鳜投喂饵料鱼，并利用高速摄像技术对单位时间内鳜的捕食行为进行动态观察与分析。结果表明，鳜在捕食行为中表现出5种捕食模式：直接攻击型、跟踪-弹射型、跟踪-偏移型、弹射型、偏移型，其中，直接攻击型、跟踪-弹射型、弹射型捕食模式主要由视觉控制，跟踪-偏移型、偏移型主要由侧线感觉控制。在视觉、侧线感觉均具备时优先利用视觉捕食，捕食行为趋于简化，相反，鳜仅利用侧线感觉捕食时，捕食行为变得复杂而多样；鳜在捕食时所表现出的各种捕食行为模式是其具有独特摄食习性的重要原因。上述研究为解读鳜特殊捕食行为的形成机制提供了重要资料。     

Rodent abundance triggered switch between the relative mutualism and predation in a rodent–seed system of the subtropical island forest

Density-dependent non-monotonic species interactions are important in maintaining ecosystem stability and function, but empirical evidences are still rare. Rodents, as both seed dispersers and seed predators, have dual effects on plant regeneration and may result in non-monotonic rodent-plant interactions. According to the non-monotonic models, the relative positive or negative effects of rodents on seedling establishment can be measured based on the positive or negative association of seedling recruitment rate and rodent abundance. In this study, we investigated the fates of acorns of Quercus serrata by tracking tagged seeds on 21 fragmented subtropical islands in the Thousand Island Lake, China. We found that the proportion of germinated seeds of all released seeds showed a dome-shaped association with rodent abundance per seed. The proportion of removed seeds and cached seeds showed a saturated- and a weak dome-shaped association with rodent abundance per seed, respectively. Our results demonstrated a clear empirical evidence that rodent abundance per seed triggered a switch between the relative mutualism and predation in a rodent–seed system. Our study implied that the observed non-monotonic interactions between plants and animals may play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function. We appeal for more investigations of the complex non-monotonic interactions in various ecosystems.     

The establishment of Taraxacum officinale plants in grassland

Factors involved in the establishment of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) seedlings in grasslands and plant mortality in the first growing season were studied during 2008–2011. The study was conducted at 11 grassland sites that differed in the quantity of seed rain and the intensity of seedling predation by slugs. In April, of each study year, 10 plots open to the sedimentation of naturally dispersed seeds were established at each site, five plots of which were also sown with 250 T. officinale seeds each. The amount of natural seed rain, slug feeding activity and number of plants in each plot were then recorded at monthly intervals. Seed rain and seedling predation accounted for c. 50% of the variation in seedling establishment. Populations of established seedlings then declined through October, at which point they were at 25% of the original abundance on average. The percentage of plants that survived varied among sites and years. The temporal and spatial variation in T. officinale establishment and survival of young plants was enormous, even within a small area. Predation of seedlings by slugs can effectively prevent the establishment of T. officinale in grassland. This only occurred, however, at slug abundances not acceptable under conditions of public access.     

溪岸蠼螋对棉铃虫的捕食能力

为明确棉田溪岸蠼螋 Labidura riparia 对棉铃虫的控害潜能, 在实验室条件下观察和测定了溪岸蠼螋不同龄期的若虫、雌雄成虫对棉铃虫幼虫、蛹和成虫的捕食能力以及其5龄若虫和雌雄成虫的捕食选择性。结果表明:不同发育阶段的溪岸蠼螋都不捕食棉铃虫完整的蛹体, 但对棉铃虫幼虫和成虫都具有较强的捕食能力。其中, 雌性溪岸蠼螋成虫的捕食能力最强, 对棉铃虫1龄幼虫日捕食量最大, 为(31.3±1.1)头。1龄溪岸蠼螋若虫也具有一定的捕食能力, 对棉铃虫1龄幼虫日捕食量为(1.7±0.7)头。不同龄期的溪岸蠼螋对相同龄期棉铃虫幼虫的捕食能力随龄期增加而增大。对1~3龄棉铃虫幼虫,溪岸蠼螋雌成虫捕食能力最强,其次是溪岸蠼螋雄成虫,再次是溪岸蠼螋5龄若虫。但是,对棉铃虫4~6龄幼虫和雌雄成虫,溪岸蠼螋雌雄成虫和5龄若虫的捕食量差异不显著。捕食选择试验表明:溪岸蠼螋5龄若虫和雌雄成虫对棉铃虫1～4龄幼虫均表现正喜好性, 对5～6龄棉铃虫幼虫和雌雄成虫表现负喜好性。     

草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食作用

为明确草栖钝绥螨Amblyseius herbicolus对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的控制潜能,在温度分别为19、22、25、28和31℃、相对湿度均为（85±5）%、光周期均为16 L∶8 D条件下测定草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食偏好性、捕食功能反应及自身干扰反应。结果表明,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨幼螨和第1若螨具有嗜食性,对其捕食选择系数分别为2.22和1.27,均大于1.00,对二斑叶螨卵、第2若螨和雌成螨捕食选择系数分别为0.61、0.68和0.22,均小于1.00。在不同温度条件下,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型;在19～31℃范围内,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的瞬时攻击率、最大日捕食量和捕食能力均随着温度升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,在28℃时达到最大值;而草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的处理时间随着温度升高呈先缩短后延迟的趋势,在28℃下处理时间最短。在相同温度下,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨卵、幼螨和第1若螨的捕食作用较强。在有限的捕食空间和二斑叶螨密度固定的条件下,草栖钝绥螨单头捕食量和捕食作用率随其自身密度的增加而逐渐下降,说...