偏高岭土对高强机制砂混凝土性能的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、压汞法(MIP)、快速氯离子迁移系数法(RCM)等手段,研究了偏高岭土(MK)掺量对高强机制砂混凝土抗压强度以及抗氯离子渗透性能的影响.研究发现: 掺入MK能够有效改善高强机制砂混凝土的力学性能和抗氯离子渗透性能:随MK掺量增加,抗压强度与抗氯离子渗透性能均呈先增大后减小的趋势,最佳MK掺量为8%,此时28 d抗压强度为98.5 MPa,较基准组增加13%,氯离子迁移系数为1.89×10^-12 m²/s,较基准组减小60%.微观结构试验表明适宜的偏高岭土掺量能够有效促进水泥水化;偏高岭土颗粒的晶核效应和微集料填充效应协同作用,使得机制砂混凝土的微观结构更加均匀密实,机制砂混凝土的多害孔、有害孔减少,少害孔增加,从而提高了机制砂混凝土抗压强度和抗氯离子渗透性能.     

中国三大自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量

为给内蒙古高原区、黄土高原区和西北荒漠绿洲区紫花苜蓿测土施肥奠定科学基础,采用零散实验数据整合法以及养分平衡-地力差减法,开展了三大自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量研究。结果表明,内蒙古高原区紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾第1~4级指标依次为≥342mg/kg、89~342mg/kg、24~89mg/kg和<24mg/kg,黄土高原区第1~6级指标依次为≥171mg/kg、96~171mg/kg、54~96mg/kg、30~54mg/kg、17~30mg/kg和<17mg/kg,西北荒漠绿洲区第1~4级指标依次为≥303mg/kg、140~303mg/kg、65~140mg/kg和<65mg/kg;当目标产量9~27t/hm²、钾肥利用率50%时,第1~6级土壤的推荐施钾量分别为0、54~162kg/hm²、108~324kg/hm²、162~486kg/hm²、216~648kg/hm²和270~810kg/hm²。     

磷肥和钾肥不同配施方式对其养分在土壤中迁移的影响

采用单点源滴灌试验方法,模拟滴灌条件下磷(P)、钾(K)肥作为基肥一次施入和随水分施入两种不同的配施方式下速效P、K含量在土壤中的时空分布变化情况。结果表明:对于可溶性较好的磷、钾肥作为基肥施入土壤后,均随着滴灌水的下渗运移而发生迁移,速效磷的高值区出现在湿润区的边缘附近,速效钾则比较均匀的分布在湿润区内;随水分施磷肥,仅在湿润区深度20cm,水平方向15cm以内的土层发生积累。在施加磷肥总量一致时,随水分施入土壤速效磷含量的最大值明显高于作为基肥施入的最大值;随水分施钾肥,速效钾在土壤中的分布也趋于均匀,但是在滴水点附近形成高值区,且随水分施钾肥可在一定程度上减缓速效钾在土壤中的迁移速度。     

The effect of potassium on yield,nutrient uptake and efficiency of teff (Eragrostis tef Zucc. Trotter) on vertisols of North Western Ethiopian Highlands

Vertisols are characterized by deficiency of nutrients and recently, potassium (K), a major plant nutrient in crops, is gaining attention because of crop removal, fixation by clay minerals and leaching. A field experiment was conducted during the 2015 and 2016 main cropping seasons to test the effect of potash fertilizer on Vertisols of East Gojjam at Gudalima and Dejen/Tik sites using teff crop. The K rates (applied as muriate of potash) were 0, 50,100, and 150?kg ha^?1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design in three replications. The results indicated that the plant height, panicle length, number of effective tillers, dry matter and grain yield of teff increased significantly (P?<?0.05) with applied K. The highest dry matter and grain yield (6966.4 and 2418.2 kg ha^?1, respectively) were obtained from the application of 100 kg ha^?1 KCl. Total uptake of N, P, and K were enhanced significantly with K treated plots than those without and K efficiency was improved due to the rate of K. The present study demonstrated the importance of K application to supplement NPS for optimum dry matter and grain yield of teff on Vertisols of the study sites.     

Potassium accumulation,partitioning, and remobilization in high-yield spring maize in Northeast China

Potassium (K) plays an important role in maize yield, but K accumulation characteristics in high yielding maize is still not well documented. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the K accumulation characteristics of high yield (HY)（>15 t ha^?1）spring maize compared with medium yield (MY)（10–15 t ha^?1), and low yield (LY)（<10 t ha^?1). The maximum K accumulation stage in maize appeared between V6 and V12 stage (LY, MY, and HY was 125.46, 138.05, and 146.22?kg ha^?1, respectively). Most of the K (94.27–97.13%) was accumulated during vegetative stages. HY exhibited a significantly higher K accumulation than either MY or LY. For different organs, the K remobilization amount of leaf was the highest, and the remobilization amount of stalk was the lowest, the K remobilization amount of leaf and stalk showed as HY?<?MY?<?LY, same as the total K remobilization amount, but the K remobilization amount of sheath and husk plus cob showed the opposite order. These results indicated that sufficient nutrient supply for maize can not only accumulate more K but also delay leaf senescence and maintain high photosynthetic activity, resulting in reduced K remobilization from vegetative organs, and reduced K loss in whole plant.     

Effects of thyroxine,cod liver oil and potassium iodide on growth and survival of juvenile seahorse,Hippocampus barbouri

Low survival at early stage is the bottleneck in seahorse aquaculture, particularly in the feeding aspect since newborn seahorses must feed immediately upon birth to sustain themselves. Seahorses are visual predator, therefore preferred live feed such as zooplankton. In aquaculture, the most common live feed used is Artemia. In this study, two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of different Artemia enrichment on the growth and survival of newborn Hippocampus barbouri. In the first experiment, six treatments using Artemia enriched with Culture Selco Plus? (SELCO), thyroxine (T4), potassium iodide (KI), cod liver oil (CLO), cod liver oil in combination with thyroxine (CLO + T4) and potassium iodide (CLO+KI) were fed to newborn H. barbouri. Newly hatched Artemia were used as control. At the end of first experiment, treatments using CLO + T4 produced juvenile H. barbouri with the best (p < .05) wet weight (0.142 ± 0.000 g), while juvenile in treatment CLO+KI recorded the highest (p < .05) standard length (3.947 ± 0.014 cm). Subsequently, a second experiment was carried out using the two best enrichment (CLO + T4 and CLO + KI) from the first experiment, but given at different frequency (daily, twice a week, once a week, once in 2 weeks). Daily enrichment using both CLO + T4 and CLO + KI showed no significant (p > .05) difference in growth performance and survival of juvenile of H. barbouri. Interestingly, juvenile fed CLO + T4 enriched Artemia at frequency of twice a week also has no significant difference (p > .05) in survival and growth performance (except for final standard length) when compared with treatment CLO + T4 at daily frequency.     

我国主要麦区农户施肥评价及减肥潜力分析

【目的】明确我国主要麦区农户小麦施肥存在的问题及减肥潜力,为科学施肥、合理减肥提供依据。【方法】连续3年对我国主要麦区的小麦种植户进行施肥调研和取样,基于农户产量、养分需求量和土壤养分供应水平对其施肥状况和减肥潜力进行评价和分析。【结果】我国主要麦区农户小麦产量和生物量平均为6.0和13.2 t·hm ^-2,二者极显著线性相关。小麦产量与施肥量和土壤养分无显著相关。我国小麦氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）和钾（K₂O）肥用量平均分别为191.1、112.8和53.4 kg·hm ^-2,春麦区农户氮、磷和钾肥用量平均分别为171.7、108.9和10.6 kg·hm ^-2,旱作区分别为154.3、111.8和32.6 kg·hm ^-2,麦玉区分别为236.4、128.1和74.0 kg·hm ^-2,稻麦区分别为177.5、77.0和71.8 kg·hm ^-2。就施氮量而言,春麦区过量施氮的农户较少,为34%,其次是麦玉区、稻麦区和旱作区,分别为42%、55%和63%;产量较低的农户是氮肥减施的重点,减氮潜力最高达43.6%,平均需减氮2.3—135.5 kg·hm ^-2。过量施磷问题比较突出,各麦区施磷过量的农户分别占63%、87%、68%和57%,即使小麦高产时,仍有超过50%的农户施磷过量;各麦区不同产量等级的农户均需减施磷肥,减磷量平均为3.8—91.1 kg·hm ^-2,旱作区减磷潜力最大,达55.6%。施钾状况因麦区而异,在春麦区,主要问题是施钾不足,占84%,平均需增施钾肥22.8 kg·hm ^-2;旱作、麦玉和稻麦区,减钾潜力分别达43.2%、25.7%和56.0%;产量较低的农户是减钾的重点,平均需减钾31.7—45.9 kg·hm ^-2。【结论】我国农户施肥状况和减肥潜力因农户产量和麦区不同存在差异,中低产农户过量施肥问题较为严重,应注意根据产量适量减少施用氮、钾肥,所有农户均需警惕磷肥过量投入问题,其中旱作区氮、磷肥减施潜力最高,稻麦区减钾潜力最高。     

磷酸二氢钾对酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’果实类黄酮物质的影响

以‘赤霞珠’葡萄为试验材料，于转色前1~2周、转色末期在叶幕上喷施浓度为3 g·L^-1的磷酸二氢钾，研究其对酿酒葡萄果实类黄酮物质的影响，旨在改善果实着色及其他类黄酮物质的含量，为优质葡萄酒酿造奠定基础。结果表明，转色末期喷施磷酸二氢钾能显著地提高‘赤霞珠’花色苷和黄酮醇的含量，花色苷含量较对照提高了30%，黄酮醇含量提高了48%；但喷施磷酸二氢钾降低了黄烷醇的含量，其中，磷酸二氢钾的喷施时期对其含量影响较大，转色前1周喷施处理的葡萄果实黄烷醇含量显著低于转色末期的喷施处理。说明转色末期喷施3 g·L^-1的磷酸二氢钾有利于花色苷与黄酮醇含量的积累。     

华南地区主要蔬菜磷钾肥料利用率研究现状

总结了近年来在华南地区主要蔬菜生产区进行的田间试验结果,分析了施磷钾肥对叶菜、瓜类、豆类蔬菜产量和养分吸收的影响,以及目前条件下华南地区蔬菜磷钾肥的偏生产力、农学效率、肥料表观利用率、生理利用率、肥料贡献率和地力贡献率。结果表明,叶菜、瓜类和豆类蔬菜施用磷钾肥均能促进蔬菜产量的增加和磷钾养分的吸收。叶菜、瓜类、豆类蔬菜磷肥偏生产力分别为781.9 kg/kg、257.6 kg/kg、211.9 kg/kg,农学效率为30.5 kg/kg、64.1 kg/kg、23.1 kg/kg,表观利用率为17.2%、9.7%、6.1%,生理利用率为222.3 kg/kg、370.6 kg/kg、292.7kg/kg,肥料贡献率为16.4 %、19.4%、12.9%,地力贡献率为83.6 %、80.4%、87.1%。叶菜、瓜类、豆类蔬菜钾肥偏生产力分别为298.8 kg/kg、164.3 kg/kg、165.8 kg/kg,农学效率为29.5 kg/kg、39.5 kg/kg、25.8 kg/kg,表观利用率为24.8%、24.3%、13.0%,生理利用率为152.3 kg/kg、218.6 kg/kg、229.1kg/kg,肥料贡献率为13.8 %、21.6%、17.4%,地力贡献率为86.2 %、78.3%、82.6%。分析肥料利用率分布频率可以看出,磷肥表观利用率＜20%的试验样本和钾肥表观利用率＜30%的试验样本均占总样本的80%以上,表明目前试验条件下各类蔬菜的磷钾肥利用率较低,生产上需同时解决蔬菜产量及肥料利用效率提高的问题。     

小麦秸秆还田条件下钾肥减量对水稻产量及养分利用的影响

利用长江中下游稻麦轮作定位试验，研究小麦秸秆还田条件下，钾肥减量施用对土壤钾素含量、水稻产量和钾素累积量以及钾肥利用率的影响，为小麦秸秆还田后水稻钾肥合理施用提供科学依据。试验共设5个处理，分别为：秸秆还田+配方施肥（K_100%），秸秆还田+配方施肥钾肥减量10%（K_90%），秸秆还田+配方施肥钾肥减量20%（K_80%），秸秆还田+配方施肥钾肥减量30%（K_70%），秸秆还田+配方施肥不施钾肥（K₀）。采集3年水稻不同生育期植株和土壤样品，分析土壤钾素动态变化和水稻钾素吸收富集规律，并统计水稻产量和经济效益。3年试验结果表明，与K_100%相比，K_90%处理的土壤全钾和速效钾含量分别提高了3.13%和6.38%，水稻钾素总累积量和净累积量平均提高1.55%和5.13%，水稻平均增产2.19%；K_80%和K_70%处理的土壤全钾和速效钾含量分别平均减少12.58%~15.31%和4.26%~10.64%，水稻钾素总累积量平均减少了7.49%~13.62%，水稻净累积量平均增加了0.48%~1.78%，K_80%处理的水稻产量平均增加2.32%，而K_70%处理的水稻产量则平均降低了6.43%。与K_100%相比，钾肥减量（K_90%、K_80%、K_70%）能够显著增加水稻钾肥农学效率（15.51%~24.53%）、偏生产力（17.96%~25.40%）和钾素吸收利用率（17.53%~55.36%）（P<0.05）。当钾肥减量大于20%时，经济效益呈下降趋势。小麦秸秆还田条件下，与配方施肥相比（K_100%），钾肥减量10%对土壤速效钾含量影响不显著，但能够提高水稻钾素累积量；钾肥减量20%~30%会降低土壤速效钾含量以及水稻钾素累积量，提高水稻钾素净累积量；钾肥减量10%~20%对水稻产量影响不显著，但可以增加钾肥农学效率、偏生产力和钾肥吸收利用率及经济效益。