茶树花青素形成分子机理的研究进展

花青素是由类黄酮合成途径产生的次生代谢产物,含量高时会使茶树新梢呈现红色或紫色。同时,花青素相比儿茶素等具有更明显的抗氧化、预防肿瘤等药理保健作用。文章就茶树花青素合成途径、转录及转录后调控等方面进行综述,以期更好地为高花青素茶树的育种研究提供理论依据。     

SiO2纳米颗粒对杉木幼苗生长发育的影响

【目的】近年来,硅对于的植物影响受到人们广泛关注,人们试图将硅确定为植物生长发育的的“必要元素”。因此如何提高植物对硅的吸收利用来增加植物的农艺性状和产量,是当前农业和林业研究的一个重要课题。【方法】以黄枝杉Cunninghamia lanceolata和罗田垂枝杉C.lanceolata var.luotian为材料,采用盆栽的方式,研究施加不同浓度的纳米SiO2颗粒(0、1、2、4 g/盆)对杉木幼苗光合参数、叶绿素荧光、叶片厚度、氮磷钾含量及其分配、生物量累积的影响。【结果】本研究结果显示,SiO2纳米颗粒对杉木根系的生长发育有很大的促进作用,使之能更好的吸收养分,加强了氮磷钾含量的累积。且叶片的厚度也有所增加,在较低的浓度下,气孔导度、光合作用机制、以及光合作用效率增加;地上的生物量也随着施入SiO2纳米颗粒浓度的增加而增加。【结论】我们的实验表明,SiO2纳米颗粒通过促进根系发育加强对营养的吸收和提升叶片厚度,以及提高净光合速率和气孔导度来提高植物的生长机理,进而增加植物的生物量来提升产量。鉴于其对植物生长发育及产量的多种积极影响,硅纳米材料将会为农林植物增产有重要的影响和广阔的前景。     

常见蜜源植物花卉开发利用研究进展

蜜源花卉是指供蜜蜂采集花蜜和花粉的花,其生物资源非常丰富。因其含有多种营养物质及生物活性物质,而具有药食两用性。目前我国对于蜜源花卉的开发利用并不广泛,以致多数蜜源花卉在农副产业中被当作废弃物,随着绿色科学的发展,人们逐渐意识到蜜源花卉具有广阔的开发价值。本文就常见的蜜源花卉研究进行综述,分析其主要成分、以及常用的分离纯化技术,旨在为蜜源花卉高效利用提供依据。     

The Identification of QTL Associated with Cotton Fruit Branch Length Suitable for Mechanized Harvest Utilizing BSA-seq

[Objective] This study aims to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with cotton fruit branch length by using the combination of bulked-segregant analysis (BSA) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) method. [Method] In this study, the cotton F₂ segregating population was developed with the short branch line Sujimian 125 and long-branch variety Sikang 1 as cross parents. According to the average internode length of fruit branches in middle, extreme individuals in F₂ population were divided into two groups to generate the bulked DNA samples. The whole-genome resequencing of two DNA bulks was applied to analyze the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion-deletion (InDel) between two groups, and the fruit branch internode length related QTLs were detected using Euclidean distance (ED). [Result] With SNP data obtained from sequencing, a 0.8 Mbp range associated region on chromosome A3 was identified; with InDel data obtained from sequencing, a 1.09 Mbp range associated region on chromosome A3 was identified. Two regions overlapped, and the overlapped range was 0.77 Mbp. [Conclusion] This result suggested that the difference between I-type fruit branch and zero-type was due to different genetic locus and pattern rather than dosage effect of the same gene.     

基于农林植物表型的智能喷雾机械研究进展

传统喷雾机械通常仅关注无生命的机械作业性能，而忽略了有生命的植物因素，造成喷雾机械智能化水平不高。文中在分析农林植物表型对喷雾机械设计方法和喷雾性能影响的基础上，系统综述国内外开展的智能喷雾机械研究，提出基于植物表型的智能喷雾机械设计方法研究展望，探讨分析基于农林植物表型特征参数的新型、高水平智能化喷雾机械，并指出农林植物表型技术的发展必将推动绿色智能喷雾机械的创新。     

Temporal disease dynamics and relative importance of sexual and asexual reproduction of grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in an isolated vineyard in the North Georgia Mountains,USA

The North Georgia Mountains are the southernmost region along the United States East Coast where European wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) are grown commercially. Epidemics of downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, are frequent and severe, but little is known about the epidemiology and population biology of the pathogen in this region. Disease monitoring in an experimental vineyard from 2015 to 2017 indicated that times of disease onset and progress rates were highly variable across years and cultivars. Oospores were observed microscopically, and simulation with a process-based model indicated presence of conditions favourable for oospore germination in the spring and early summer each year. A total of 409 P. viticola isolates collected over three  years were genotyped with seven microsatellite markers, revealing very high genotypic diversity, which when combined with the observation of oospores is indicative of a sexually reproducing population. Among the 409 isolates, 225 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified, of which 164 were detected only once and 61 were repeated (clonal). Eight MLGs (represented by 28 isolates) were detected across years, suggesting the possibility of asexual overwintering of P. viticola in this region. Across sampling dates, the percentage of isolates belonging to nonrepeated (unique) MLGs ranged from 27.3% to 63.2%. Even towards the end of the annual epidemic, the percentage of isolates in nonrepeated MLGs was still relatively high, around 30%. These MLGs may have originated from oospores germinating late during the growing season, although incomplete sampling at earlier dates and contribution by immigration cannot be fully excluded.     

AM真菌改善植物磷营养吸收和转运机制的研究进展

旨在深入了解丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM)真菌在植物吸收和转运磷元素方面的机制。本研究归纳了近年来关于AM真菌能够促使植物改善磷营养（如磷酸盐转运蛋白、磷酸酶基因等）相关的最新研究成果,着重分析了AM真菌的菌根吸收途径,总结了国内外关于AM真菌对水溶性无机磷、难溶性无机磷和有机磷等3种土壤磷存在形态下的利用机制。最后指出该领域仍存在的一些问题以及未来的研究侧重点。     

Clostridium bifermentans and C. subterminale are associated with kiwifruit vine decline,known as moria,in Italy

Since 2012, a new pathogenic syndrome has frequently been observed in many areas of kiwifruit cultivation in Italy. The main symptoms include an initial withering of the leaves followed by a total and sudden collapse of plants, mainly occurring during summer. The withered leaves fall and the main and secondary feeder roots appear rotten, sometimes showing a reddish-brown discoloration. The disease, that affects both the green and yellow-fleshed cultivars, has been called kiwifruit vine decline and is locally known as moria. The syndrome has been found consistently associated with soil waterlogging, which frequently occurs either after the traditional agronomical practice of irrigating orchards through surface irrigation or after very heavy rainfall. So far, the role played by bacteria in this syndrome has not been investigated. In the present study, Clostridium spp. were isolated from both rotten roots and soils obtained from Italian kiwifruit orchards affected by the syndrome, indicating for the first time that anaerobic bacteria are able to cause damage to woody crops. C. bifermentans and C. subterminale incited symptoms in kiwifruit in both in vivo and in vitro pathogenicity tests. Soil waterlogging seems to potentially favour colonization of kiwifruit roots by anaerobic bacteria, probably because saturation of the soil can facilitate proliferation and persistence of these bacteria during long periods of the vegetative growth of the crop. The occurrence of anaerobic bacteria does not exclude the possibility that other microorganisms can play additional/synergic role(s) in causing the kiwifruit vine decline.     

二甲基二硫的生物活性评价及对土壤养分的影响

采用室内生物活性测定方法,评价二甲基二硫(dimethyl disulfide,DMDS)对土壤病原线虫和土传病原菌的毒力,比较不同浓度药剂处理对土壤理化性质和土壤呼吸的影响,为探究DMDS作为新型土壤熏蒸剂提供切实可行性的依据。结果表明:DMDS熏蒸对土传病原线虫和镰刀菌属的LD_(50)分别为4.743 mg/kg和1.513 mg/kg,可见DMDS对病原线虫和镰刀菌有良好的生物活性。对土壤理化性质进行数据分析发现:DMDS能显著增加土壤铵态氮含量,抑制硝化作用过程,减少NO~-_3-N的产生,提高植物可吸收态氮素水平。DMDS处理的土壤有机质含量和电导率均显著高于对照土壤,而土壤pH和速效钾含量较对照均有降低。此外,熏蒸土壤中有效磷含量较对照减少,但两者无显著差异。对DMDS熏蒸后土壤进行底物诱导呼吸试验,表明DMDS能够在试验初期抑制土壤微生物生物量。本试验结果可为指导DMDS的科学使用提供理论依据及对土壤微生物活性的影响作出科学评价。     

木本植物逆境胁迫研究进展

木本植物(Woody plant)具有多年生、木质部发达和茎坚硬等特点,能抵御复杂多变的外界环境。本综述归纳了木本植物逆境胁迫的几个重要方面,例如盐胁迫、干旱胁迫和低温胁迫。归纳并总结了与应激有关的基因、蛋白质、转录因子和应激反应机制,并简要概述了木本植物在植被保护、园林绿化和土壤改良等方面的应用价值,最后对木本植物研究的局限性和存在的不足进行了讨论。蒙古柳(Salix linearistipularis)作为松嫩平原盐碱地区唯一具有群落分布的木本植物,是研究逆境胁迫的重要树种材料。因此,本综述着重介绍了耐盐碱木本植物蒙古柳对盐等逆境胁迫的研究进展,以期为木本植物逆境胁迫研究提供一定的理论基础;并针对目前研究存在的不足,为进一步研究提供了参考方向。