Physicochemical property guidelines for modern agrochemicals

The relentless need for the discovery and development of new agrochemicals continues as a result of driving forces such as loss of existing products through the development of resistance, the necessity for products with more favorable environmental and toxicological profiles, shifting pest spectra, and the changing agricultural needs and practices of the farming community. These new challenges underscore the demand for novel, high‐quality starting points to accelerate the discovery of new agrochemicals that address market challenges. This article discusses the efforts to identify the optimum ranges of physicochemical properties of agrochemicals through analysis of modern commercial products. Specifically, we reviewed literature studies examining physicochemical property effects and analyzed the properties typical of successful fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides (chewing and sap‐feeding pests). From the analysis, a new set of physicochemical property guidelines for each discipline, as well as building block class, are proposed. These new guidelines should significantly aid in the discovery of next‐generation agrochemicals. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

香根草挥发性成分提取分离及其农用生物活性研究进展

随着植物源农药的发展，具有优良农用活性的禾本科植物香根草Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash越来越受到重视。文章首先介绍了香根草中挥发性成分的提取分离方法及结构鉴定，列举了其主要挥发物的结构；进而综述了其对二化螟 Chilo suppressalis (Walker) 等螟蛾科害虫的引诱作用、家白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki 等白蚁的驱避及拒食作用、对蚬木曲脉木虱Macrotermes barneyi Light等的毒杀作用，对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctorzia solani、香蕉炭疽病菌Calletotrichum musae等多种真菌和金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach 等多种细菌的抑菌活性，以及对藜Chenopodium album L.、豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.等常见杂草的除草活性等；最后总结了香根草中活性化合物诺卡酮的化学及生物合成方法。可为进一步将香根草应用于植物源农药研究和开发利用提供参考。     

南黄海苏北浅滩浒苔体内的农药污染与食用风险评价

为探讨南黄海苏北浅滩浒苔在农药方面的食用风险,本文以位于南黄海苏北浅滩的如东、大丰和吕四等地所采集的浒苔为研究对象,采用气相色谱质谱法(GC-MS,Agilent 7890A/5975C)分析8种有机氯(OCPs)、4种菊酯(PEs)和9种有机磷农药(OPPs)的残留浓度及食用风险评价。结果表明:浒苔体内OCPs、PEs和OPPs的浓度范围分别为15.86~56.93 ng·g~(-1)、42.03~133.49ng·g~(-1)和9.42~13.36 ng·g~(-1);浒苔对PEs的富集能力最强,其次是OCPs,富集能力最弱的是OPPs;浒苔体内的8种OCPs、4种PEs和9种OPPs农药的食用风险评估中单一风险(ave THQ)值和总风险指数(HI)值均远小于1;从长期和短期摄入量可得出,浒苔体内农药的风险商值均小于1。研究表明,南黄海苏北浅滩的浒苔由三类农药造成的风险在可控范围内,本文研究结果为日后南黄海苏北浅滩浒苔的大规模食用提供了科学依据。     

杨庄煤矿区农田塌陷水域多介质OCPs污染特征及生态风险研究

为研究采煤活动影响下农田塌陷水域有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染特征及潜在生态风险,使用GC-MS对淮南潘一矿的杨庄农田塌陷区水体和底泥中的OCPs特征污染物六六六(HCHs)及滴滴涕(DDTs)进行质量浓度测定,利用ArcGIS进行OCPs分布特征及来源研究,并选择共识沉积物质量基准法(CB-SQGs)对潜在生态风险进行分析。结果表明:杨庄沉陷区溶解态ΣOCPs质量浓度范围为72.06～218.89 ng·L~(-1),均值为167.32 ng·L~(-1);悬浮态和沉积态ΣOCPs范围为199.35～405.04 ng·g~(-1)dw和24.34～1 247.32ng·g~(-1)dw,均值为277.07 ng·g~(-1)dw和238.78 ng·g~(-1)dw;悬浮态和沉积态OCPs质量浓度自上游向下游方向随水流呈削减趋势;杨庄塌陷水体中HCHs主要来自于林丹,DDTs主要来自于农业三氯杀螨醇;溶解态OCPs低于国家Ⅲ类水质标准限额,处于低生态风险水平;悬浮态和沉积态OCPs处于中高生态风险水平,其中沉积态OCPs毒性发生率略低于悬浮态OCPs毒性发生率。     

剧毒农药泛滥的全链条治理研究 ——以山东潍坊"剧毒生姜"事件为例

剧毒农药泛滥严重影响到农产品质量安全。通过对山东潍坊“剧毒生姜”事件的分析，发现在生姜生产过程中普遍存在生产者长期滥用剧毒农药、销售者违法出售剧毒农药、监管者不作为甚至乱作为的现象。从生产主体、政府部门、法律法规等方面对剧毒农药泛滥的原因进行深入分析，提出农产品质量安全领域剧毒农药泛滥的全链条治理对策。     

4种常用农药对2种天敌蝽的药害影响

为探究4种农药对2种蝽的药害影响,结果表明:氯氰、辛硫磷、吡虫啉、氰戊菊杀虫剂对2种蝽(蠋蝽和一种益蝽)皆有较强药害,释放于自然环境后该2种天敌蝽存活与繁殖受到明显抑制;除草剂类农药虽然对2种天敌蝽没有直接药害影响,但施用除草剂后对自然环境中的农作物具有毒性作用,2种蝽的存活与繁殖同样受到影响。因此,要2种蝽在自然环境中得以较好生存与自然繁殖,必须规范释放地区的农药管理,加强绿色环保理念教育与引导,才能建设稳定的立体生防系统。     

15种常用杀虫剂对二斑叶螨的室内药效对比试验

本文采用FAO推荐的玻片浸渍法,选用15种常用杀虫剂的最大登记剂量对二斑叶螨敏感型种群和抗性种群进行了药效对比试验研究。结果表明:施药后观察,哒螨·矿物油、阿维·哒螨灵、阿维菌素、阿维·灭幼脲、阿维·毒死蜱、啶虫脒对敏感型二斑叶螨的速效性防效较好;而炔螨特、桉油精和苦参碱对抗性二斑叶螨的防效较强。     

Proportionality principle revisited – relationship between application rates and pesticide residue concentrations in food commodities

BACKGROUND

The proportionality principle has been broadly used for over 10 years in regulatory assessments of pesticide residues. It allows extrapolation of supervised field trial data conducted at lower or higher application rates compared to the use pattern under evaluation by adjustment of measured concentrations, assuming direct proportionality between the rates applied and the resulting residues. This work revisits the principle idea by using supervised residue trials sets conducted under identical conditions but with deviating application rates. Four different statistical methods were used to investigate the relationship between application rates and residue concentrations and to draw conclusions on the statistical significance of the direct proportionality assumed.

RESULTS

Based on over 5000 individual trial results, the assumption of direct proportionality was not confirmed to be statistically significant (P > 0.05) using three models: direct comparison of application rates and residue concentrations ratios and two linear log-log regression models correlating application rate and residue concentration or only residue concentrations per se. In addition, a fourth model analysed deviations between expected concentrations following direct proportional adjustment and measured residue values from corresponding field trials. In 56% of all cases, the deviation was larger than ±25%, which represents the tolerance usually accepted for the selection of supervised field trials in regulatory assessments.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the assumption of direct proportionality between application rates and resulting residue concentrations of pesticides was not statistically significant. Although the proportionality approach is highly pragmatic in regulatory practice, its use should be considered carefully on a case-by-case basis. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

国内外荔枝农药残留限量标准对比分析

介绍了我国荔枝农药登记情况,归纳分析了新版GB/T 2763-2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药残留最大限量》中涉及荔枝的农药最大残留限量标准,对比分析了国内外荔枝农药残留限量标准制定情况。在此基础上,总结了我国荔枝残留限量标准存在的问题,并提出了建议和措施,旨在为完善我国荔枝质量安全标准体系提供参考。