天牛科昆虫信息化合物研究现状

天牛科昆虫是危害严重的林业害虫,给林业生产造成重大损失。昆虫信息化合物的鉴定及应用,在害虫综合治理(IPM)中发挥着重要的作用。到目前为止,已从100多种天牛科物种中鉴定出信息化合物质,天牛亚科(Cerambycinae)、沟胫天牛亚科(Lamiinae)和椎天牛亚科(Spondylidinae)鉴定出雄性天牛的聚集信息素组分,花天牛亚科(Lepturinae)和锯天牛亚科(Prioninae)物种主要是鉴定出雌性天牛释放性的性信息素组分。这些信息素组分在不同亚科、不同属和种之间重叠率高,同一种组分可以在多种天牛物种中发挥作用,调节昆虫行为活动的信息化学物质在害虫治理中具有应用潜力和广阔的前景。对国内外已研究的天牛科信息素组分进行系统分析,可为今后鉴定新的天牛科信息素组分提供依据,加快我国天牛科信息素组分鉴定和应用进程。     

Major ascaroside pheromone component asc-C5 influences reproductive plasticity among isolates of the invasive species pinewood nematode

Pheromones are communication chemicals and regulatory signals used by animals and represent unique tools for organisms to mediate behaviors and make “decisions” to maximize their fitness. Phenotypic plasticity refers to the innate capacity of a species to tolerate a greater breadth of environmental conditions across which it adapts to improve its survival, reproduction, and fitness. The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, an invasive nematode species, was accidentally introduced from North America into Japan, China, and Europe; however, few studies have investigated its pheromones and phenotypic plasticity as a natural model. Here, we demonstrated a novel phenomenon, in which nematodes under the condition of pheromone presence triggered increased reproduction in invasive strains (JP1, JP2, CN1, CN2, EU1, and EU2), while it simultaneously decreased reproduction in native strains (US1 and US2). The bidirectional effect on fecundity, mediated by presence/absence of pheromones, is henceforth termed pheromone-regulative reproductive plasticity (PRRP). We further found that synthetic ascaroside asc-C5 (ascr#9), the major pheromone component, plays a leading role in PRRP and identified 2 candidate receptor genes, Bxydaf-38 and Bxysrd-10, involved in perceiving asc-C5. These results suggest that plasticity of reproductive responses to pheromones in pinewood nematode may increase its fitness in novel environments following introduction. This opens up a new perspective for invasion biology and presents a novel strategy of invasion, suggesting that pheromones, in addition to their traditional roles in chemical signaling, can influence the reproductive phenotype among native and invasive isolates. In addition, this novel mechanism could broadly explain, through comparative studies of native and invasive populations of animals, a potential underlying factor behind of the success of other biological invasions.     

运城酥梨产区梨小食心虫发生动态监测及性诱剂诱捕防控效果调查

为明确梨小食心虫在山西省运城市的发生规律和性诱剂诱捕的田间防治效果,利用性诱剂三角形诱捕器对梨小食心虫成虫的发生动态进行了系统监测,并对两种性诱剂诱捕器在田间的防治效果进行了调查。监测结果表明,监测期间梨小食心虫成虫发生有3个高峰期：第一个高峰期在6月15日—7月1日,第二个高峰期在7月23—29日,第三个高峰期在8月28日—9月3日。性诱剂诱捕的防治效果调查表明,两种性诱剂诱捕器对梨小食心虫成虫的防治均有效果,且三角形诱捕器效果较好。本研究明确了梨小食心虫成虫在运城地区的发生动态及性诱剂诱捕的防治效果,为运城地区梨园梨小食心虫的预测预报及绿色防治提供了科学依据。     

Effect of Pheromone Blend Components,Sex Ratio,and Population Size on the Mating of Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The almond moth Cadra cautella (Walker), a key pest of storage facilities, is difficult to manage using synthetic chemicals. Pheromone-based management methods remain a high priority due to advantages over conventional management practices, which typically use insecticides. Cadra cautella females release a blend of pheromone including (Z, E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (ZETA) and (Z)-9-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (ZTA). The effect of these components on mating of C. cautella and how response varies with the population density and sex ratio remain unknown. In this study, the mating status of C. cautella was studied inside mating cages under different ratios of ZETA and ZTA diluted in hexane and at different population sizes either with equal or unequal sex ratio. The lowest percentage of mated females (highest mating disruption [MD] effects), corresponding to roughly 12.5%, was produced by a 5:1 and 3.3:1 ratio of ZETA:ZTA. Populations with equal sex ratio showed the lowest percentage of mated females, at 20% and 12.5% under lower and higher density, respectively. The next lowest percentage of mated females was produced when the sex ratio was set to 1: 2 and 2:1 male:female, with just 25% and 22.5% of moths mated, respectively. This study shows that mating status of C. cautella is influenced by ZETA:ZTA ratio, sex ratio, and population size. This current knowledge would have useful implications for mating disruption programs.     

利用性信息素迷向技术防治桃园梨小食心虫的效果与分析

为了绿色防控桃园梨小食心虫的为害,进行了性信息素迷向技术防效实验。连片100×667m2以上的桃园,平均亩悬挂梨小食心虫迷向丝60枚,迷向丝对梨小食心虫各代成虫的迷向率可达96%以上,且持效期在4个月以上,对各代折梢防效在94%以上,蛀果防效在96%以上,全年用药次数减少4~7次。结果表明,该技术对桃树整个生育期梨小食心虫的为害具有良好的控制作用,可有效减少农药防治次数和用药量,值得大面积推广应用。     

应用黏胶型性诱捕器对玉米大螟的监测效果及发生期预测研究

通过黏胶型性诱捕器和灯测2种方法对玉米大螟越冬代成虫的同地对比诱测结果表明,黏胶型性诱捕器监测越冬代大螟成虫效果好,其诱蛾趋势和峰型与灯诱基本趋于一致,可用于替代灯诱监测。对比分析发现,大螟性诱测的第2蛾峰高峰日,与灯诱测的雌蛾发蛾高峰期相吻合,可作为性诱简化精准预测第1代大螟发生期的重要依据,具有较强的实际指导价值。可以将该地此蛾峰日、峰日后的7 d分别作为雌蛾的发蛾高峰期、盛末期,不同地区可根据实际确定。在此基础上,再加上相应的产卵前期和卵历期,就可对第1代大螟卵孵高峰期、盛末期作出预测。该法适宜基层测报点推广应用。