浅析我国南方冬闲田种植一年生黑麦草的应用研究

针对我国南方地区冬闲田数量多、利用率低的现象,充分利用冬闲田种草养畜,不仅可以解决牲畜季节性青绿粗饲料缺乏问题,还能促进农民增收和农业可持续发展。一年生黑麦草由于适生范围广,鲜草产量高,营养丰富且柔嫩多汁,适口性好,家畜家禽喜欢采食,深受农户青睐,成为一种极具发展前途的越年生优质牧草,近年来在畜牧业生产中得到广泛应用。本文从一年生黑麦草生物性状、营养特性、冬闲田的丰产栽培技术、青贮技术以及在各类畜禽的饲喂研究角度进行综述,并指出今后的研究重点和方向。旨在为一年生黑麦草在畜牧业中的进一步推广应用提供参考。     

A novel approach to estimating the competitive ability of Cirsium arvense in cereals using unmanned aerial vehicle imagery

Eight experiments were carried out in Denmark to determine the yield loss of spring barley due to Cirsium arvense in farmers' fields and to suggest and evaluate a novel approach for quantifying C. arvense infestation in large plots. Literature about the competitive ability of C. arvense is old, scattered and inconclusive, and existing models for estimating crop yield loss are based on data from North America. This study showed that C. arvense coverage could be quantified from unmanned aerial vehicle imagery using a manual image analysis procedure. This gave similar results as scoring the coverage. Yield loss of spring barley due to C. arvense infestation assessed at harvest was given by Y = 100·(1−exp(−0.00170·X)) where Y is the percentage of crop yield loss and X is the percentage of C. arvense coverage. The yield loss was much lower than estimates from models that have been developed in North America. It is speculated that the main reason for this is the later emergence of C. arvense than the crop due to lower soil temperatures in spring. Grain moisture increased linearly with C. arvense coverage: M = 0.0310·X where M is the proportional (%) increase in grain moisture and X is the proportion (%) of C. arvense coverage. Automated image analysis procedures are needed to estimate C. arvense coverage on field scales, and further experiments are needed to reveal whether the low competitive ability of C. arvense found in this study is representative for Northern Europe.     

Growth pattern of Juncus effusus and Juncus conglomeratus in response to cutting frequency

Increasing abundance of Juncus effusus (soft rush) and Juncus conglomeratus (compact rush) in pastures and meadows in western Norway has caused reductions in forage yield and quality in recent decades. Understanding plant development and regrowth following cutting is essential in devising cost‐effective means to control rushes. In a field experiment in western Norway, we investigated development of above‐ and below‐ground fractions of rush from seedlings to three‐year‐old plants, including the impact on vigour of disturbing growth by different cutting frequencies during the period 2009–2012. Each year, the plants were exposed to one or two annual cuts or left untreated and five destructive samplings were performed from March to early December. Juncus effusus showed significantly more vigorous growth than Juncus conglomeratus in the last two years of the study period. The above‐ground:below‐ground biomass ratio of both species increased mainly in spring and early summer and was reduced in late summer and autumn. Removal of aerial shoots also reduced the below‐ground fraction of both species. One annual cut in July effectively reduced biomass production in both species by 30–82%, which was only a slightly smaller reduction than with two annual cuts, in June and August. Mechanical control measures such as cutting can thus effectively reduce rush vigour when performed late in the growing season.     

我国牧草种植成本收益变化与比较

本研究以牧草种植户牧草及粮食作物的调研数据为基础,计算出2010-2014年主要牧草和粮食作物的成本收益基本信息,对其变化进行统计分析,并对各作物的成本收益进行比较。分析发现,2014年苜蓿(Medicago sativa)的经济效益有所下降;黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和青贮玉米(Zea mays)的纯收益和收益率有所增长;苜蓿的纯收益和收益率要高于黑麦草和青贮玉米;马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)和苜蓿的经济效益更具优势,种植小麦(Triticum aestivum)经济效益较差;黑麦草和青贮玉米人工和土地成本更高,苜蓿水电费最高。建议调整农业产业结构,推行"粮+经+饲+草"四元种植结构,全面扶持牧草产业发展,建立健全牧草生产资料补贴制度。     

Comparison of growth,survivorship, seed production and shedding of eight weed species in a wheat crop in Western Australia

Development of integrated weed management strategies is dependent on a thorough knowledge of the demography of individual species. The current research established eight winter or summer weed species in a winter annual wheat cropping system at Wongan Hills, Western Australia, and investigated emergence of the first cohort of each species, survivorship, plant size, seed production and seed shedding over three years (2016–2019). The winter weeds Bromus diandrus and Lolium rigidum emerged at the same time as the wheat crop, and the initial cohort of marked plants had 100% survival to seed production in each year. By comparison, other winter weed species like Hordeum leporinum, Rumex hypogaeus, Sonchus oleraceus and Polygonum aviculare frequently emerged later than the crop and had a lower percentage of plants surviving to seed production. However, individual S. oleraceus and P. aviculare plants had the greatest seed production compared to other species. All winter weeds had variable patterns of seed shedding between years, with the exception of L. rigidum. Summer weed species emerged at the same time, but plants in the initial cohort of each species did not always survive to produce seed. The early emergence and high survivorship of B. diandrus indicates high competitive ability, but shedding commenced at a similar time to L. rigidum and harvest weed seed control may be a viable control method for this species.     

河西地区几种多年生栽培牧草的产量比较

通过对几种栽培饲草盛产期生产力水平试验,筛选出适宜河西地区高水肥条件下栽培的多年生饲草种类为松香草Silphium perfoliatum、紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa、百脉根Lotus corniculatus、无芒雀麦Bro-mus inermis,干草产量依次达到30 120、21 179、20 679和25 024 kg/hm2;粗蛋白产量分别达到6 174.6、5 083.4、4 756.2和2 628.0 kg/hm2,无氮浸出物达到8 478.4~11 911.4 kg/hm2。在河西地区每年刈割3茬产量最高,干草产量比刈割2茬提高7.4%~20.6%。鲁梅克斯Rumex acetosa、披碱草Elymus dahuricus高感白粉病和黑粉病,大面积栽培需要加强病害防治或更新抗病品种。     

8种土壤改良剂对多年生黑麦草草坪质量的影响

在兰州新区通过田间小区试验,研究了8种土壤改良剂对多年生黑麦草草坪质量的影响。结果表明:8种土壤改良剂都提高了草坪叶绿素含量,其中,7种处理(除硫磺粉处理)都增大了草坪草的密度、高度、地下生物量和地上生物量,6种处理(除硫磺粉、硫磺粉+磷矿粉处理)都增大了叶宽和盖度,"肥帝溉"处理均为最大处理(P0.05),其相应草坪质量指标最大值分别为,叶绿素含量为3.1 mg/g,密度为2.0株/cm~2,叶宽为1.8 mm,盖度为95.3%,高度为10.9cm,地下生物量为709.3 g/m~2,地上生物量为638.6g/m~2;延长草坪绿期方面,"美魅"+过磷酸钙处理为186 d,与对照差异显著(P0.05)。8个处理和对照(CK)的草坪质量综合评价高低顺序为,"肥帝溉"大量元素水溶肥料"康地宝"盐碱土壤改良剂"美魅"土壤改良剂+过磷酸钙过磷酸钙+石膏粉过磷酸钙硫磺粉+磷矿粉"甘云翼"对照硫磺粉。     

Effects of selective cutting and timing of herbicide application on growth and development of Cirsium arvense in spring barley

Recently, a new implement for controlling weeds in cereals (CombCut) has been developed. It cuts weeds in growing cereals without damaging them by using the physical differences (in height, stem thickness, straw stiffness and branching pattern) between crops and weeds. To evaluate and compare the effects of selective cutting with different timings of herbicide application on Cirsium arvense in spring barley, a randomised block experiment was conducted in Sweden in 2015–2017, in a field with a naturally occurring C. arvense population. Treatments consisted of control (C), herbicide application at 4–5‐leaf stage of C. arvense (H1), herbicide application at 8–10‐leaf stage (H2) and selective cutting at 10‐leaf stage (S). The treatments were performed in 2015 and repeated in 2016 in the same plots, and a final evaluation was performed in 2017. Compared to the control, S, H1 and H2 were equally efficient in reducing above‐ground biomass production of C. arvense and increasing spring barley grain yield per unit area. The number of C. arvense shoots per area was, however, higher in S compared to H1 and H2. No differences in control effects on shoot number were observed between H1 and H2. Our study indicates that (i) selective cutting (S) reduces C. arvense equally efficient as herbicide application and (ii) early herbicide spraying is as efficient as spraying later in the season.