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1.
Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) tends to feed on young plant tissues. To explore the relationship between stylet probing behaviors of adult A. lucorum and conditions of cotton leaves, we conducted an experiment using electropenetrography (EPG). Behaviors were recorded on four cotton varieties, in relation to thickness and biochemical traits of differently-aged leaves. Cotton leaf age had a significant effect on the probing behavior of A. lucorum but cotton variety did not. One-day-old leaves of A. lucorum received the highest mean number of stylet probes (penetrations) per insect, and longest mean durations per insect of combined stylet probing or its components, cell rupture and ingestion behaviors. All of the leaf traits (thickness and biochemical substances) were similar among these four cotton varieties. Leaf thickness had a significantly negative effect on the same four variables above. Gossypol and tannin also had a negative impact on combined probing duration. Redundancy analysis showed that the four EPG variables were closely related to nutrient substances (amino acids, sugar, and water) while they had the opposite relationship with plant defense substances (gossypol and tannin). On cotton in the seedling stages, A. lucorum fed more readily on the youngest, thinnest leaves in our no-choice EPG experiments. Nutrients and chemical resistance substances determined the probing duration of A. lucorum. Our findings can contribute to better understanding of patterns of feeding and host consumption by A. lucorum, ultimately improving cotton resistance to A. lucorum.  相似文献   
2.
Seed crops of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) are usually established with a cover crop. Provided sufficient light, white clover may compensate for low plant density by stoloniferous growth. Our objectives were (1) to compare spring barley or spring wheat used as cover crops for white clover and (2) to find the optimal seeding rate/row distance for white clover. Seven field trials were conducted in Southeast Norway from 2000 to 2003. Barley was seeded at 360 and 240 seeds m?2 and wheat at 525 and 350 seeds m?2. White clover was seeded perpendicularly to the cover crop at 400 seeds m?2/13 cm row distance or 200 seeds m?2/26 cm. Results showed that light penetration in spring and early summer was better in wheat than in barley. On average for seven trials, this resulted in 11% higher seed yield after establishment in wheat than in barley. The 33% reduction in cover crop seeding rate had no effect on white clover seed yield for any of the cover crops. Reducing the seeding rate/doubling the row distance of white clover had no effect on seed yield but resulted in slightly earlier maturation of the seed crop.  相似文献   
3.
【目的】利用刺吸电位技术(electronic penetration graph,EPG)研究Q型烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)成虫对吡虫啉、吡蚜酮、螺虫乙酯和溴氰虫酰胺4种杀虫剂LC25处理24 h番茄苗的取食行为,探明内吸性杀虫剂亚致死剂量对烟粉虱成虫取食行为的影响。【方法】以无农药暴露史的Q型烟粉虱成虫为供试昆虫,番茄品种‘粉印三号’为供试植株。通过水培生测法确定4种内吸性杀虫剂的亚致死浓度LC25。在此基础上利用EPG监测Q型烟粉虱成虫取食寄主的13个非韧皮部指标和8个韧皮部指标,并对叶片刺吸孔进行显微观察。以无农药处理为对照(CK)。【结果】4种杀虫剂对Q型烟粉虱成虫的LC25值为溴氰虫酰胺>吡蚜酮>吡虫啉>螺虫乙酯。在总记录时间8 h内,Q型烟粉虱成虫的取食在各处理中均产生非刺探波(np)、路径波(C)、电位下降波(pd)、韧皮部分泌唾液波(El)、韧皮部被动吸食波(E2)以及木质部主动吸食波(G)6种波形。在非韧皮部的np波次数上,溴氰虫酰胺处理的次数最多,其次是螺虫乙酯处理,两者间差异不显著(P>0.05),但均显著高于CK和吡虫啉处理(P<0.05)。C波和G波总持续时间均为CK处理最长,溴氰虫酰胺处理最短,两处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。CK处理的pd波总持续时间显著长于4种杀虫剂处理(P<0.05),其中螺虫乙酯处理最短,但4种杀虫剂处理间差异不显著(P>0.05)。螺虫乙酯处理的F波总持续时间最长,吡虫啉处理最短,两者间差异显著(P<0.05)。CK处理韧皮部的E1波和E2波总持续时间分别为20.52和50.60 min,显著长于吡虫啉处理和溴氰虫酰胺处理对应波的总持续时间(P<0.05),但E1波总持续时间与吡蚜酮和螺虫乙酯处理均差异不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】4种杀虫剂LC25均引起Q型烟粉虱成虫的拒食行为,为研究烟粉虱或具刺吸式口器农业害虫对4类杀虫剂亚致死效应的拒食作用机理及防治提供了理论依据。  相似文献   
4.
Agricultural soil landscapes of hummocky ground moraines are characterized by 3D spatial patterns of soil types that result from profile modifications due to the combined effect of water and tillage erosion. We hypothesize that crops reflect such soil landscape patterns by increased or reduced plant and root growth. Root development may depend on the thickness and vertical sequence of soil horizons as well as on the structural development state of these horizons at different landscape positions. The hypotheses were tested using field data of the root density (RD) and the root lengths (RL) of winter wheat using the minirhizotron technique. We compared data from plots at the CarboZALF‐D site (NE Germany) that are representing a non‐eroded reference soil profile (Albic Luvisol) at a plateau position, a strongly eroded profile at steep slope (Calcaric Regosol), and a depositional profile at the footslope (Anocolluvic Regosol). At each of these plots, three Plexiglas access tubes were installed down to approx. 1.5 m soil depth. Root measurements were carried out during the growing season of winter wheat (September 2014–August 2015) on six dates. The root length density (RLD) and the root biomass density were derived from RD values assuming a mean specific root length of 100 m g?1. Values of RD and RLD were highest for the Anocolluvic Regosol and lowest for the Calcaric Regosol. The maximum root penetration depth was lower in the Anocolluvic Regosol because of a relatively high and fluctuating water table at this landscape position. Results revealed positive relations between below‐ground (root) and above‐ground crop parameters (i.e., leaf area index, plant height, biomass, and yield) for the three soil types. Observed root densities and root lengths in soils at the three landscape positions corroborated the hypothesis that the root system was reflecting erosion‐induced soil profile modifications. Soil landscape position dependent root growth should be considered when attempting to quantify landscape scale water and element balances as well as agricultural productivity.  相似文献   
5.
采用NDIS中间层驱动技术构筑反溯源网络,可在一定程度上确保网络及个人信息安全。介绍NDIS的含义及NDIS中间层驱动技术的原理,阐述NDIS中间层驱动程序的设计与实现方式。经效果测试,证实利用NDIS中间层驱动技术对数据包进行传输,能很好地保证网络安全性。  相似文献   
6.
玉米蚜在8个玉米品种(系)上取食行为的比较分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
【目的】明确玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis)在8个玉米品种(系)上的取食行为,筛选出合适的刺吸电位(EPG)参数作为对不同玉米品种(系)进行抗蚜性分类的指标,为抗性玉米材料的筛选提供借鉴。【方法】利用直流型刺吸电位仪(DC-EPG Giga-4)记录玉米蚜在8个玉米品种(系)上的取食行为并进行比较分析,8个品种(系)分别为浚单20、郑单958、良玉88、先玉335、濮改340-1-1、旱21、87-1和齐319;以不同EPG参数为指标,对供试玉米品种(系)的抗蚜性进行分类,并与田间抗蚜性鉴定结果进行比较,之后选择合适的EPG参数,建议其可作为利用EPG技术筛选抗蚜性玉米材料的指标。【结果】玉米蚜在玉米上的EPG波形主要有Np、C、Pd、E1、E2和F波,其中Np、F、E1和E2波与玉米品种(系)的抗蚜性有关。到达韧皮部前:玉米蚜在抗性材料浚单20上的第1次刺探持续时间明显长于感性材料齐319,可能在浚单20叶片表皮上存有阻碍玉米蚜取食的因子;此外,玉米蚜在抗性材料浚单20、郑单958和良玉88上取食时,其F波总时间及平均持续时间显著长于或长于其他玉米品种(系),说明玉米蚜取食这3个玉米品种时,其口针遇到的机械阻力较大。到达韧皮部后:玉米蚜在抗性材料浚单20和郑单958这两个玉米品种上的第1次E1波出现时间晚,持续时间长,表明这两个品种在韧皮部层次上对玉米蚜的抗性水平较其他玉米品种(系)高;玉米蚜在感性材料齐319和旱21上的E2波总时间及持续吸食时间相对较高,显著大于良玉88,说明玉米蚜喜好取食感性材料齐319和旱21的韧皮部汁液。此外,以各取食波形平均持续时间为指标对各玉米品种(系)进行聚类分析,可把供试玉米品种(系)划分为3类,其抗性强弱为:第Ⅰ类(浚单20、郑单958和良玉88)第Ⅲ类(濮改340-1-1、旱21和87-1)第Ⅱ类(先玉335和齐319)。【结论】玉米蚜在不同玉米品种(系)上的取食行为有一定差异,高抗玉米品种浚单20和郑单958在叶片表面和韧皮部层次上对玉米蚜存有一定的抗性。以E和Np波平均持续时间为指标,对各玉米品种(系)抗蚜性进行排序,其结果与笔者课题组前期田间调查结果基本一致。因此,在利用EPG技术筛选抗蚜性玉米材料时,建议以E和Np波作为评价抗性强弱的指标。  相似文献   
7.
烟粉虱B型和Q型竞争能力的室内比较分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
【目的】烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)B型和Q型均为外来入侵种类。近年田间调查表明,Q型在中国大部分地区已经取代B型成为优势种,有必要研究烟粉虱生物型之间的取代机制及其影响因素。论文在实验室条件下比较这两种生物型的取食能力及竞争能力,以期为烟粉虱有效治理提供依据。【方法】利用刺吸电位(electrical penetration graph,EPG)技术测定烟粉虱B型和Q型雌、雄成虫在黄瓜叶片上的取食行为,并在室内黄瓜上混合饲养两种烟粉虱生物型,多代监测其种群动态和雌雄比例,以比较其在室内无农药压力条件下的竞争力。【结果】EPG结果显示,(i)总体上,烟粉虱B型的总刺探次数(P=0.020)和刺探的总持续时间(P=0.048)显著高于Q型;在第2阶段B型E波时间百分比显著低于Q型(P=0.001),刺探时间百分比差异不显著;B型Pd波总次数(P=0.012)和Pd波总持续时间(P=0.016)均显著高于Q型;(ii)烟粉虱B型雌性非刺探波Np的时间百分比显著低于雄性(P=0.035);而第2阶段刺探时间的百分比显著大于雄性(P=0.011),与唾液分泌相关的第2阶段E波百分比却显著短于雄性(P0.001);但B型雌、雄性成虫在第3阶段吸食韧皮部汁液的时间则差异不显著(P0.05)。Q型雌性不仅在第2阶段刺探的百分比显著高于雄性(P=0.031),而且在整个记录时间内的总持续时间也显著高于雄性(P=0.039),而雌性的非刺探时间Np波却显著短于雄性(P=0.038);(iii)对于雌性,烟粉虱B型被动吸食植物汁液的E210 min的个数显著多于Q型(P=0.036);但是,烟粉虱Q型雌性第2阶段E波百分比显著高于B型雌性(P0.001)。两种生物型混合饲养结果显示,随烟粉虱世代增加,B型和Q型所占比例逐步出现分化。第1代时,B型种群数量在混合种群中所占比例已接近80%;而第5代和第6代时,B型所占比例已达到98%,Q型近乎完全被B型取代。同种生物型烟粉虱两性间的比例变化趋势一致,且同种生物型烟粉虱雌性所占比例均略高于其雄性。【结论】室内EPG记录和多代混养种群动态结果都表明,在室内没有农药压力的环境下,烟粉虱B型在黄瓜上的取食能力和种群竞争能力均高于Q型,而且两种生物型雌性的取食和竞争能力均高于雄性。  相似文献   
8.
The cavity induced by top-blow gas jets impinging on the bath surface is one of most important parameters, which has overwhelming influence on the rate of slag formation and metallurgical performance. Water model experiments are conducted through a 1/10 scaled-down top-blown convertor. Effects of lance height and gas flow rate on penetration behavior are studied, and also the influence mechanism of liquid surface tension on penetration depth is addressed based on the experiments and theory analysis. An energy utilization index (EUI) is defined to reflect how much the impinging kinetic energy of gas jets are transferred into bath for formation of cavity, and an improved model is proposed to predict penetration depth of jets. The results show that penetration depth increases with lowering lance height and increasing gas flow rate, and impact diameter increases with increasing lance height, but is little affected by gas flow rate. Influence of liquid surface tension on penetration depth is enhanced with increasing surface tension and penetration depth. The EUI increases with increasing lance height, and a function relationship of it with lance height is obtained based on the experiments.  相似文献   
9.
Soil compaction, especially subsoil compaction, in agricultural fields has increased due to widespread use of heavy machines and intensification of vehicular traffic. Subsoil compaction changes the relative distribution of roots between soil layers and may restrict root development to the upper part of the soil profile, limiting water and mineral availability. This study investigated the direct effects of inter-row subsoiling, biological subsoiling and a combination of these two methods on soil penetration resistance, root length density, nitrogen uptake and yield. In field experiments with potatoes in 2013 and 2014, inter-row subsoiling (subsoiler) and biological subsoiling (preceding crops) were studied as two potential methods to reduce soil penetration resistance. Inter-row subsoiling was carried out post planting and the preceding crops were established one year, or in one case two years, prior to planting. Soil resistance was determined with a penetrometer three weeks after the potatoes were planted and root length density was measured after soil core sampling 2 months after emergence. Nitrogen uptake was determined in haulm (at haulm killing) and tubers (at harvest). Inter-row subsoiling had the greatest effect on soil penetration resistance, whereas biological subsoiling showed no effects. Root length density (RDL) in the combined treatment was higher than in the separate inter-row and biological subsoiling treatments and the control, whereas for the separate inter-row and biological subsoiling treatments, RLD was higher than in the control. Nitrogen uptake increased with inter-row subsoiling and was significantly higher than in the biological subsoiling and control treatments. However, in these experiments with a good supply of nutrients and water, no yield differences between any treatments were observed.  相似文献   
10.
民族种业市场化时间较短,产业化尚处于初级阶段,种子科技含量对种子市值增长、产业发展的贡献依然偏小.同时,国际种业巨头加快在中国布局,种质资源流失,民族种业发展空间受到挤压,产业安全受到挑战.在经济全球化进程中,唯有加快推进政府职能转变,健全外资监管制度,大力推进种业科技创新,才能守住民族种业安全的底线.  相似文献   
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