Field trial measuring the compatibility of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid with Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a commercial pepper greenhouse

BACKGROUND: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are among the most serious pests of sweet peppers in greenhouses. Chemical control is difficult because of their high reproductive rates and insecticide resistance, and seasonal inoculative releases of Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and Amblyseius swirskii (Athias‐Henriot) are commonly used to reduce their populations. As chemical treatments are often needed in the crop against other pests, the side effects of methoxyfenozide (an insect growth regulator against lepidopteran pests) and flonicamid (a selective feeding inhibitor against sucking insects) were studied in both beneficial organisms in a commercial greenhouse. RESULTS: Orius laevigatus and A. swirskii were released at commercial rates (4–5 and 100 m^?2), and a strong establishment and a very homogeneous distribution were reached. One pesticide treatment with the maximum field recommended concentration of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid (96 and 100 mg AI L^?1) was done when they were well established, and their population levels were not affected either immediately or up to 30 days after treatment. CONCLUSION: The results are indicative of no impact of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid on the two natural enemies in the field, and both can be considered as potential alternatives to be included in IPM programmes in sweet pepper. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Resistance of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), larvae in Michigan to insecticides with different modes of action and the impact on field residual activity

BACKGROUND: The codling moth is one of the principal pests of apple in the world. Resistance monitoring is crucial to the effective management of resistance in codling moth. Three populations of codling moth in neonate larvae were evaluated for resistance to seven insecticides via diet bioassays, and compared with a susceptible population. In addition, apple plots were treated with labeled field rate doses of four insecticides. Treated fruit were exposed to neonate larvae of two populations from commercial orchards. RESULTS: Two populations of codling moth expressed two‐ and fivefold resistance to azinphos‐methyl, seven‐ and eightfold resistance to phosmet, six‐ and tenfold resistance to lambda‐cyhalothrin, 14‐ and 16‐fold resistance to methoxyfenozide and sixfold resistance to indoxacarb, but no resistance to acetamiprid and spinosad. The impact of the resistance to azinphos‐methyl, measured as fruit damage, increased as the insecticide residues aged in the field. In contrast, fruit damage in methoxyfenozide‐ and lambda‐cyhalothrin‐treated fruit was observed earlier for resistant codling moth. No differences in efficacy were found for acetamiprid. CONCLUSIONS: Broad‐spectrum insecticide resistance was detected for codling moth. Resistance to azinphos‐methyl, lambda‐cyhalothrin and methoxyfenozide was associated with reduced residual activity in the field. Broad‐spectrum resistance presents serious problems for management of the codling moth in Michigan. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

甲氧虫酰肼对舞毒蛾幼虫解毒酶及其体内蛋白质表达的影响

为研究甲氧虫酰肼(RH-2485)对舞毒蛾幼虫的杀虫活性,采用叶片药膜法测定该药剂对舞毒蛾不同龄期幼虫的生物活性及对其体内解毒酶活性的影响,并通过SDS-PAGE对舞毒蛾幼虫不同组织的蛋白质表达进行检测。结果表明:甲氧虫酰肼对舞毒蛾2～6龄幼虫均表现出较高活性,其中对2,3龄幼虫毒性最强,说明甲氧虫酰肼对舞毒蛾幼虫的影响存在明显的龄期差异。该药剂对2,4,6龄幼虫体内的羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶等主要解毒酶存在显著影响,表现为诱导、抑制作用;在不同的处理时间,对这些酶的影响存在明显差异。舞毒蛾4龄幼虫经甲氧虫酰肼处理后,血淋巴、中肠及表皮组织中均发现与对照组有差异的蛋白,其中处理12h和24h时,对血淋巴和中肠组织中的蛋白质影响比较明显,48h后,对表皮组织中的蛋白质表达的影响较为显著。甲氧虫酰肼作为非甾醇类蜕皮激素竞争物中的新型化合物,能干扰舞毒蛾幼虫体内主要解毒酶活性,诱导血淋巴、中肠和表皮组织中产生特异蛋白,从而影响舞毒蛾正常的生理代谢,起到毒杀作用,可有效防治舞毒蛾。     

棉铃虫抗甲氧虫酰肼种群对12种杀虫剂的交互抗性

利用室内筛选获得的甲氧虫酰肼中等抗性种群(R, 30.57倍)和敏感种群(S),采用浸叶法测定了棉铃虫对12种常用杀虫剂的交互抗性。结果表明抗性种群对虫酰肼产生了13.57倍的中等水平交互抗性;对茚虫威的抗性倍数为3.05倍,无明显交互抗性;而对辛硫磷、毒死蜱、灭多威、高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、虫螨腈、虱螨脲、氟啶脲、氟铃脲和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的抗性倍数在0.50 ~2.36倍之间,无交互抗性。试验结果提示,在棉铃虫对甲氧虫酰肼的抗药性治理中,轮换使用与甲氧虫酰肼没有交互抗性的杀虫剂将可有效延缓其抗药性发展。     

Development of a rapid resistance monitoring bioassay for codling moth larvae

BACKGROUND: The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is one of the most important pests of apple worldwide. Use of insecticides for management of this insect has been extensive and has resulted in resistance development. There are a number of different bioassay methods to monitor for codling moth resistance; however, many are not applicable to new insecticides and most are time consuming. A novel 16‐well plasticware bioassay plate containing lyophilized diet was developed for rapid resistance monitoring of codling moth. RESULTS: The contact insecticides acetamiprid and azinphosmethyl were significantly more toxic to neonates than to fourth instars. However, there was no significant difference in LC₅₀ values between neonates and fourth instars to the ingestion insecticides chlorantraniliprole, methoxyfenozide, novaluron and spinetoram. Field colonies of codling moth were significantly more resistant to methoxyfenozide than susceptible populations. A diagnostic dose of 20 µg mL^?1 (LC₉₉) was established to monitor for codling moth resistance to methoxyfenozide. CONCLUSIONS: The results presented here demonstrate that a novel and rapid bioassay can be used to monitor for codling moth resistance to methoxyfenozide. The bioassay method is relevant to both ingestion and contact insecticides, but a single diagnostic dose, regardless of larval age, is only relevant to ingestion insecticides. Age‐dependent diagnostic doses are likely necessary for contact insecticides. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Assessment of methoxyfenozide exposure on the sexual attractiveness and responsiveness of adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., in small orchard blocks

BACKGROUND: The sexual attractiveness of female and the responsiveness of male codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., exposed to surfaces treated with the ecdysteroid agonist methoxyfenozide were investigated in small orchard block experiments. The main purpose of the study was to determine whether the reported sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide affecting moth behavior also occur under field conditions. RESULTS: Data from the first experiment showed that in some trials untreated females were significantly more attractive to wild males than methoxyfenozide-treated females. The second experiment revealed that some released methoxyfenozide-treated males were not as responsive to calling females as untreated males, and that some untreated females were more attractive to males than methoxyfenozide-treated females. The third experiment revealed that wild males exposed to treated tree surfaces were significantly less responsive to traps than were wild males exposed to untreated trees. However, there were no significant differences in mean recaptures of released males between the untreated and treated orchard blocks. CONCLUSION: Exposure of adult C. pomonella to methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces resulted in a negative impact on male responsiveness to calling females and synthetic pheromone lures. However, the level of impact on the sexual attractiveness of treated females did not appear to be as explicit.     

Biochemical mechanisms of methoxyfenozide resistance in the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis

BACKGROUND: Methoxyfenozide is a lepidopteran‐specific insecticide that belongs to a new group of insecticides, the non‐steroidal ecdysteroid agonists, also called moulting accelerating compounds (MACs). To investigate the risk of resistance and possible mechanisms conferring resistance to methoxyfenozide, the authors selected in the laboratory for a resistant strain of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), which is a representative lepidopteran model and an important pest in cotton and vegetables worldwide, with a high risk for resistance development. RESULTS: After selection with methoxyfenozide during 13 generations, toxicity data showed that the selected strain developed fivefold resistance to methoxyfenozide in comparison with the susceptible strain. Measurement of the detoxification enzymes demonstrated that the monooxygenase (MO) activity was 2.1 times higher in the selected strain, whereas there was no change for esterases and glutathione‐S‐transferases. When the inhibitors piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and diethyl maleate were tested as synergists, the respective synergistic ratios were 0.97, 0.96 and 1.0 for the susceptible strain, and 2.2, 0.96 and 1.1 for the resistant strain. The significant synergistic effect by PBO concurs with the increased MO activity in the selected strain. CONCLUSION: Taken overall, the present study supports the importance of MO‐mediated metabolism in resistance to methoxyfenozide, directing tactics to fight against resistance development for this novel group of insecticides. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

棉铃虫对甲氧虫酰肼抗性机理的初步研究

在室内通过抗性汰选和敏感性反汰选,获得了对甲氧虫酰肼抗性指数相差为72.61倍的棉铃虫Helicoverpa amigera(Hübner)抗性种群和敏感种群。通过增效试验和离体酶活性测定表明:棉铃虫对甲氧虫酰肼产生的抗药性主要与其多功能氧化酶(MFO)、全酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)活性的提高有关。     

棉铃虫对甲氧虫酰肼的抗性遗传力

(δp=0.5),抗性现实遗传力为实际筛选估计值的一半,当杀死率为80%和90%时,棉铃虫对甲氧虫酰肼的抗性增加10倍,分别需要34.48代和27.40代.田间条件下,由于等位基因频率变化、环境变异等因素的影响,抗性增加10倍则需要更长的时间.