不同烤烟品种烟叶质体色素降解产物在不同香型烟叶产区的差异

为明确不同烤烟品种质体色素含量在不同香型烟叶产区的差异,采用GC/MS法分别检测了种植在典型浓香型、中间香型、清香型烟叶产区K326、云烟87和湘烟3号第9-12叶位烟叶的质体色素降解产物。结果表明：检测到的绝大多数质体色素降解产物含量在不同品种间存在显著差异,且云烟87的叶黄素和β胡萝卜素类降解产物含量显著高于K326和湘烟3号；检测到的全部的质体色素降解产物在不同香型烟叶产区间存在显著差异,叶黄素、β胡萝卜素和无环类胡萝卜素降解产物总含量和质体色素降解产物中的巨豆三烯酮A、巨豆三烯酮B、巨豆三烯酮C、巨豆三烯酮D、β-紫罗兰酮、脱氢二氢-β-紫罗兰酮6种致香成分含量在两个浓香型烟叶产区无显著差异,但一致地显著高于中间香型和清香型烟叶产区,且按浓香型、中间香型、清香型烟叶产区的顺序依次递减。烟叶质体色素降解产物含量在不同品种、不同香型烟叶产区间差异的存在,揭示了不同生态产区烟叶香型特色形成的物质基础,对彰显不同烟叶香型烟草品种的选育具有重要指导意义。     

小贯小绿叶蝉在5个茶树品种（系）上的蜜露排泄量与茶树叶片结构比较

为明确茶树叶片组织结构与小贯小绿叶蝉抗性之间的相关性,在确定小贯小绿叶蝉不同龄期和虫态蜜露排泄量的基础上,比较研究了小贯小绿叶蝉雌成虫在不同茶树品种（系）上取食24 h后蜜露排泄量的差异,进而通过比较不同茶树品种（系）叶片的组织结构和色泽,分析了5个茶树品种（系）叶片的组织结构与茶树对小贯小绿叶蝉抗性能力强弱的关系。研究结果表明,小贯小绿叶蝉4龄若虫的蜜露排泄量显著高于1~3龄;雌、雄成虫的蜜露排泄量之间不具显著差异;取食中选10号的雌成虫蜜露排泄量显著低于取食其他品种;不同品种（系）茶树的叶面积、叶片总厚度、上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度以及色差等指标与雌成虫的蜜露排泄量之间无显著相关性,而叶片茸毛密度与雌成虫蜜露排泄量呈显著负相关,叶片茸毛长度与蜜露排泄量呈显著正相关。     

Evaluation of three non‐genetically modified soybean cultivars as ingredients and a yeast‐based additive as a supplement in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Two growth trials and a physiology assessment were conducted to evaluate three non‐genetically modified (GM) soybean cultivars as ingredients in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. In addition, a commercially available fermented yeast product was evaluated as dietary supplement. For the growth trials (46 and 35 days, respectively, for trials 1 and 2), the basal diet was primarily composed of soybean meal (SBM), fishmeal (FM), whole wheat, corn protein concentrate, poultry meal (PM, pet food grade) and corn starch. Non‐GM cultivars were processed with novel methodologies to produce Navita? ingredients (N1, N2 and N3) which were incorporated at low (L) or high (H) levels into the experimental diets, in partial replacement of FM and full replacement of conventional SBM. The last two formulations incorporated the fermented yeast for a total of nine experimental diets (Table 1 ). Results from the growth trials indicate that shrimp fed diet 5 (HN2) exhibited significantly lower (p < .05) weight gain as compared to shrimp fed diets 1 and 2 (basal and LN1, respectively) in trial 1, as well as compared to animals fed diets 1, 2, 3 and 8 (basal, LN1, HN1 and basal + yeast) in trial 2. The feed conversion ratio significantly increased for shrimp fed diet 5, in contrast with shrimp fed diets 1, 2, 3 and 8 in trials 1 and 2, as well as compared to shrimp fed diets diet 6 (LN3) in trial 2. For the physiological assessment (stress and immune responses), only the effects of diets 1, 3, 8 and 9 (basal, HN1, basal + yeast and HN1 + yeast, respectively) were investigated. Granular cell counts were significantly higher for shrimp fed the yeast‐containing diets. Haemolymph glucose and haemolymph packed cell volume were significantly reduced for shrimp fed diets 3, 8 and 9. No significant differences were observed in total haemocyte counts, hyaline cells counts, semi‐granular cells counts, haemolymph protein, haemocyte phagocytic capacity and haemocyte respiratory burst activity. Results of this work indicate that selective soy breeding technology coupled with novel processing options has the potential to increase the nutritional value of conventional SBM for shrimp feeds. Trends on immune responses were more difficult to elucidate possibly due to the limited length of the feeding trial.     

基于主成分和隶属函数分析的高粱品种耐深播性综合评价

采用盆栽试验,分别设置1、3、5、7 cm播深,对34个高粱品种在不同播深下的出苗率、幼苗形态和幼苗干物质量进行分析,筛选耐深播性鉴定指标,综合评价高粱品种的耐深播性。研究结果表明,随着播种深度的加大,出苗率、苗长、根长、根数和苗重均呈下降趋势,3、5、7 cm与1 cm播深上述指标测定值的比值分别为0.84～0.60、0.96～0.75、0.83～0.53、0.88～0.64和0.95～0.85;中胚轴长、根重和根冠比呈上升趋势,3、5、7 cm与1 cm播深上述指标测定值的比值为1.52～3.30、1.10～1.25和1.17～1.50;胚芽鞘长在播深间差异不显著。主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分的累积方差贡献率为77.647%,相对根冠比、相对根长、相对中胚轴长和相对出苗率载荷量最大,将其作为高粱耐深播性筛选的主要指标并计算隶属函数值。根据隶属函数值对高粱品种进行聚类分析,结果显示,34个高粱品种可聚为3类,晋粱白2号等11个品种为耐深播品种,红青壳等14个品种为中等耐深播品种,吉品609等9个品种为深播敏感品种。品种间耐深播性差异明显,杂交种较常规种耐深播性强。     

新疆春小麦育成品种遗传演变分析

【目的】研究新疆春小麦育成品种遗传演变规律,提高小麦资源的利用效率,为新疆春小麦品种选育和改良提供参考依据。【方法】以新疆春小麦育成品种为材料,对其主要性状进行综合评价分析,以春小麦90K芯片开展新疆春小麦育成种亲缘关系分析。【结果】新疆春小麦育成种遗传多样性丰富,平均遗传多样性指数2.005,变幅为1.902~2.181。相关性分析结果表明,蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、穗粒数与育种年代呈极显著正相关。新疆春小麦品种选育主要是通过常规杂交育种、杂交辐射诱变育种、引种3种方式。利用小麦90K芯片将新疆春小麦育成种划分为3个类群,显示了各品种之间的亲缘关系。【结论】新疆春小麦育种遗传基础薄弱、遗传多样性逐渐散失,新疆小麦育种应加强资源收集与利用,扩大育种亲本选择,提高品种变异的丰度和广度,以多抗、高产稳产、优质高效的聚合育种,加快新品种选育进程,提高育种效率。     

不同无花果品种品质分析及加工特性的研究

为了筛选品质优良、适宜加工的无花果品种，以8个无花果品种为试材，对其外观品质、营养成分及加工特性进行测定。结果表明：外观品质方面，供试品种果实为近圆球形，呈黄绿色、紫红色及黑紫色等多种颜色，波姬红和玛斯义陶芬单果质量较大，分别为62.10 g和52.67 g，紫色波尔多果孔直径最小，有利于贮藏和抵御病虫害。营养成分方面，供试品种含糖量为10.78%～14.86%，含酸量为0.06%～0.43%，其中斯特拉具有最高含糖量和最低含酸量，属于浓甜型品种；可溶性固形物含量紫色波尔多最高，为21.43%；不同无花果品种可溶性蛋白质含量接近，为6.21～7.14 mg/kg。加工特性方面，供试无花果品种含水率为17.60%～29.30%，出汁率为28.19%～41.00%，波姬红出汁率最高、含水率最低；果胶含量为64.63～91.50 mg/kg，单宁含量为89.81～160.10 ?滋g/kg，紫色波尔多及斯特拉果胶及单宁含量较高，会加大果汁加工澄清护色处理难度；POD活性明显高于PPO活性，说明无花果中引起酶促褐变的主要因素是过氧化物酶POD；加热后颜色变化?驻E*为2.41～17.83，波姬红、芭劳内、斯特拉和玛斯义陶芬果汁色泽变化较小。     

中国杜鹃花品种分类问题与思考

杜鹃花具有极高的观赏价值，是世界级名花。经过数百年的人工选育，全球杜鹃花品种已超过3万个。我国虽然拥有丰富的杜鹃花资源，但园艺化程度与国外差距明显，其中一个重要原因就是国内杜鹃花品种分类及品种名称较为混乱，阻碍了其进一步应用和发展。文中综述了近年来中国杜鹃花品种分类研究的成果与存在的不足，并展望了研究方向。分析认为，综合植物系统分类学研究及品种亲本来源信息是建立科学品种分类体系的基础，同时运用分子生物学技术和形态性状数量分析等方法进行归类将是重要的研究方向。     

Effect of apple cultivars and storage periods on the virulence of Neofabraea spp.

Bull’s eye rot is a typical quiescent postharvest apple disease in major fruit-growing areas. The susceptibility of different apple cultivars to Neofabraea spp. (N. vagabunda and N. malicorticis) was assessed, with Granny Smith showing the most resistance and Cripps Pink the most susceptibility. To assess the factors involved in conidial germination, Neofabraea spp. were grown on crude protein extracts (CPEs) collected from apple fruits at different storage periods. Fungal germ tube growth rate and pathogenic enzyme (cellulase and xylanase) activity were assessed. Results showed that CPEs collected after 2 and 4 months of storage progressively stimulated conidial germination and germ tube elongation, while a lesser effect was observed from CPEs after 1 month of storage. Xylanase proved to be the main degrading enzyme secreted by all the isolates, while cellulase was produced only by N. vagabunda isolates. Overall, the isolate ID02 was the most virulent, based on more rapid germ tube elongation and greater activity of the lytic enzymes.     

High potassium to magnesium ratio affected the growth and magnesium uptake of three tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars

Potassium(K) and magnesium(Mg) levels and their balances are two factors affecting the growth of plant. However, the responses of different crop cultivars to K/Mg ratios are less clear. This study was aimed at assessing the different responses of tomato(Solanum Lycopersicum L.) cultivars to the different K/Mg supply ratios. Three tomato cultivars(Zhongza 9(ZZ), Gailiangmaofen(MF), and Jinpengchaoguan(JP)) were grown in pots with three different K~+/Mg~(2+) ratios(4:0, 4:1 and 8:1, represented by K/Mg_(4:0), K/Mg_(4:1), and K/Mg_(8:1), respectively). Compared with K/Mg_(4:1) treatment, the leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and total biomass of tomato seedlings under K/Mg_(4:0) treatments were decreased by 69.7, 89.1, and 53.1%, respectively. The Mg deficiency symptoms were observed when the Mg content in shoot became lower than 4 mg g~(–1) DW. Compared with K/Mg_(4:1) treatment, total biomass of tomato seedlings of K/Mg_(8:1) treatment was decreased by 21.6%; the shoot and root Mg contents were decreased by 10.4 and 21.8%, respectively; and Mg uptake of tomato was reduced by 34.1%. There were significant differences in biomass and Mg uptake for the three cultivars between the different K~+/Mg~(2+) treatments. The Mg uptake of the three different cultivars ranked as ZZJPMF under Mg deficiency and high K condition. In conclusion, the growth and Mg uptake and allocation of tomato were influenced significantly by imbalance K and Mg supply. JP and ZZ were the cultivars with the highest efficiency in Mg uptake.     

Nutritional evaluation of different cultivars of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) from China by grey relational analysis (GRA) and its application in potato steamed bread making

Chemical composition(moisture,protein,starch,ash,fiber,fat),vitamins(vitamin C,vitamin B1,vitamin B2),total polyphenol content,antioxidant capacity,minerals,and amino acid of 14 potato cultivars in China were evaluated.The results indicated that all parameters varied significantly among different potato cultivars.The total starch,crude protein and fat content ranged between 57.42–67.83%,10.88–14.10% and 0.10–0.73% dry weight(DW),respectively.Moreover,the consumption of potato increased remarkably the dietary intake of vitamins,K,Mn and Cu.In addition,the chemical score of amino acid varied considerably between different cultivars,which ranged from 54(Neida 3 and Neida 41) to 71(Neida 34).Grey relational analysis(GRA) indicated that Neida 26 exhibited the most comprehensive nutritional values among potato cultivars,followed by Neida 42.Different potato flours had a significant effect on the quality parameters of potato steamed bread(PSB),Neida 26 and Neida 34 were more suitable for making PSB.