Potato diseases caused by soft rot erwinias: an overview of pathogenesis

Three soft rot erwinias, Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora , E. carotovora ssp. atroseptica and E. chrysanthemi are associated with potatoes causing tuber soft rot and blackleg (stem rot). Latent infection of tubers and stems is widespread. As opportunistic pathogens, the bacteria tend to cause disease when potato resistance is impaired. Pathogenesis or disease development in potato tubers and stems is discussed in terms of the interaction between pathogen, host and environment, microbial competition and recent findings on the molecular basis of pathogenicity. Emphasis is placed on the role of free water and anaerobiosis in weakening tuber resistance and in providing nutrient for erwinias to multiply. Blackleg symptoms are expressed when erwinias predominate in rotting mother tubers, invade the stems and multiply in xylem vessels under favourable weather conditions. Soft rot erwinias tend to out-compete other bacteria in tuber rots because of their ability to produce larger quantities of a wider range of cell wall-degrading enzymes. However, despite extensive studies on their induction, regulation and secretion, little is known about the precise role of the different enzymes in pathogenesis. The putative role of quorum-sensing regulation of these enzymes in disease development is evaluated. The role certain pathogenicity-related characters, including motility, adhesion, siderophores, detoxifying systems and the hrp gene complex, common to most bacteria including symbionts and saprophytes, could play in latent and active infections is also discussed.     

Genetic analyses of resistance of the wheat differential cultivars Carstens V and Spaldings Prolific to two races of Puccinia striiformis

Genetic analysis of resistance of wheat seedlings to two races of Puccinia striiformis was conducted on F₁, F₂ and F₃ generations from crosses Carstens V (CV) × Lee, Spaldings Prolific (SPA) × Lee and CV × SPA. F₂ generations from crosses of CV and SPA with Strubes Dickkopf (SD) were also studied. The plants were classified into six resistance classes and analysed by factorial correspondence analysis and nonhierarchical classification. The two P. striiformis isolates tested were a French isolate of race 43E138 and a Lebanese isolate of race 2E16, selected for the differences in their virulence spectra for the common differential cultivars Strubes Dickkopf and Nord Desprez. Resistance of CV and SPA was recessive and dominant to races 43E138 and 2E16, respectively. CV possessed three or four resistance genes, one of them being expressed with both races. Two genes of CV had a cumulative effect for resistance to 43E138 and two or three gave dominant resistance to 2E16. SPA had three resistance genes, all of which gave resistance to 2E16 and two of which also gave resistance to 43E138. SPA had one gene in common with CV for resistance to both races. Furthermore, the gene for resistance to race 2E16 in CV and SPA was allelic with a gene in SD, and was probably Yr25 .     

除草剂靶标酮醇酸还原异构酶(KARI)研究进展

酮醇酸还原异构酶(KARI)是植物和微生物体内支链氨基酸生物合成的关键酶之一,可以作为设计除草剂的靶标,通过抑制酶的活性中断支链氨基酸的合成使植物死亡,达到除草目的。文章综述了KARI的催化性质、晶体结构以及作为除草剂靶标的研究现状。     

动物生物钟基因研究进展

昼夜节律生物钟是一种以近似24小时为周期的自主维持的振荡器,由输人通路、中央振荡器和输出通路三部分组成的。生物钟机制的研究已深入到分子水平。生物钟相关基因相继被分离鉴定,它们及其编码的蛋白质产物构成的自主调节的转录和翻译反馈环是生物钟运转的分子机制。本文介绍了果蝇和小鼠主要生物钟基因的发现以及其突变体对生物昼夜节律的影响,展望了揭示生物钟调节机制在遗传学上的重要意义。     

AtSOS基因在紫花苜蓿中的表达及其耐盐性研究

本研究采用基因工程技术改良紫花苜蓿耐盐性,通过种植转基因耐盐紫花苜蓿达到改良土壤的目的。以紫花苜蓿子叶节为外植体,通过农杆菌介导法将来源于拟南芥的AtSOS1-AtSOS2-AtSOS3多基因表达载体导入阿尔冈金紫花苜蓿中,经PCR检测、抗除草剂筛选和RT-PCR鉴定,获得了能稳定表达的转基因株系。以转基因的紫花苜蓿和野生型紫花苜蓿为材料进行盐处理,每个处理重复3次,测定其生理生化指标、株高、Na⁺和K⁺含量、细胞膜透性、叶绿素含量。结果显示,在不同盐浓度处理下,所有植株的株高均有所增长,但在100和200 mmol·L^-1的NaCl处理下,转基因植株的长势显著高于野生型植株;随着处理时间的增加,所有植株的叶绿素含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且野生型植株叶绿素含量均低于转基因植株;在100和200 mmol·L^-1的NaCl处理下,转基因植株的细胞膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶活性和脯氨酸含量的增加量均小于野生型植株,而过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性和可溶性糖含量的增加量均大于野生型;各植株中丙二醛含量均下降,且野生型植株下降的更为明显;盐处理后,转基因植株根系中Na⁺的积累比野生型植株少,而K⁺的吸收多于野生型植株。转AtSOS基因的紫花苜蓿通过发挥AtSOS途径的作用,促进了植物体将细胞内的Na⁺外排,从而减轻盐胁迫对植物体的伤害,提高了转基因植株的耐盐性。     

云南省六个水稻产区稻瘟病菌三个无毒基因的组成及其致病型

为明确水稻抗性基因Piz-t、Pib和Pii的有效性,利用无毒基因AvrPiz-t、AvrPib和Avr-Pii的特异性引物对自云南省6个水稻产区采集并分离获得的348株稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae菌株进行PCR扩增检测,并测定其对仅含Piz-t、Pib和Pii基因的水稻抗性单基因系IRBLzt-T、IRBLb-B和IRBLi-F5品种的致病性,明确这3个无毒基因在云南省水稻产区组成及分布。结果表明,在348株稻瘟病菌菌株中,分别有51.7%、46.8%和15.8%的菌株含有无毒基因AvrPiz-t、AvrPib和Avr-Pii,GT8、GT2、GT5、GT6、GT1、GT3、GT4和GT7基因型菌株检测频率分别为24.7%、21.8%、21.0%、16.7%、4.9%、4.0%、3.4%和3.4%;分别有4.9%、29.2%、41.1%和24.7%的菌株含有3、2、1和0个无毒基因;云南省稻瘟病菌群体总多样性指数水平较高,为2.81,其中滇中水稻产区的最高,为2.97;在348株稻瘟病菌菌株中,分别有89.1%、63.2%和38.5%的菌株对单基因系IRBLzt-T、...     

柑橘轮斑病的适生区预测及风险分析

【目的】柑橘轮斑病(citrus target spot)作为一种新发柑橘病害,造成发病果园严重的经济损失。本研究针对该病害进行适生区预测及风险分析,以便对该病采取及时、有效的管控措施,最终达到降低其流行风险等级,防止病害传播扩展的目的。【方法】基于环境变量数据和柑橘轮斑病发生分布数据,运用MaxEnt生态位模型模拟预测柑橘轮斑病菌(Pseudofabraea citricarpa)在中国的潜在适生区分布。并通过ROC(receiver operating characteristic)曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)评估预测模型的精度,运用正规化训练增益刀切法(regularized training gain)获取气候因子与分布概率间的关系。同时采用有害生物风险分析理论,以有害生物风险分析的规定程序为依据探索柑橘轮斑病病害的风险分析体系和评价值的计算方法,对评价指标进行定性分析,进而量化评价值。在建立综合评价模型的基础上,计算柑橘轮斑病风险性危害值,最后对病害的风险性危害值进行评价。【结果】柑橘轮斑病菌MaxEnt模型预测结果的平均AUC值为0.998...     

华北棉区棉铃虫对三种杀虫剂的抗性监测

为明确华北棉区棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera田间种群对3种常用杀虫剂的抗性,于2014—2015年和2018—2019年分别采集河南、河北、山东和山西4个省的棉铃虫田间种群,采用浸叶法于室内测定棉铃虫对辛硫磷、三氟氯氰菊酯和甲维盐的抗性水平。结果表明,各监测点棉铃虫对辛硫磷处于中等水平抗性,在2014—2015年和2018—2019年的抗性倍数分别为13.0~58.5倍和21.1~55.3倍,棉铃虫对辛硫磷的抗性发展相对缓慢;各监测点棉铃虫种群对三氟氯氰菊酯已产生中等至高水平抗性,并呈现逐年上升的趋势,其中河北沧县、河南安阳、山西盐湖种群的抗性倍数由2014年的61.0倍、22.5倍和24.0倍上升至2019年的91.1倍、44.7倍和61.3倍,山东夏津种群的抗性最高,2019年抗性倍数达到216.3倍;棉铃虫种群对甲维盐表现为低至中等水平抗性,河北沧县、河南安阳、山西盐湖和山东夏津种群的抗性倍数分别为8.2~40.4倍、5.8~16.6倍、5.5~23.4倍和11.0~36.6倍。表明4个监测地区的棉铃虫田间种群对3种杀虫剂已经产生了不同程度的抗性,建议减少这3种杀虫剂的使用频次,并注意与其他杀虫剂交替轮换使用,以延缓棉铃虫抗药性的发展。     

北京地区粘虫对5种杀虫剂的抗药性

采用浸叶法测定了北京地区6个粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)田间种群对5种不同类型杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明:与相对敏感品系相比,6个田间种群对5种杀虫剂均表现出不同程度的抗性水平。其中,对氯虫苯甲酰胺(抗性倍数为1.314~4.213)、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(抗性倍数为1.000~4.385)和毒死蜱(抗性倍数为1.083~5.936)表现为敏感至低水平抗性;对虫螨腈(抗性倍数为1.355~20.80)和氯氟氰菊酯(抗性倍数为1.748~13.98)表现为敏感至中等水平抗性。因此,北京地区的粘虫防治应注重将氯虫苯甲酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和毒死蜱与虫螨腈或氯氟氰菊酯交替或轮换使用,以延缓抗药性的产生与发展。     

京郊西兰花小菜蛾的田间防治药剂筛选与评价

为评价高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰虫酰胺、苏云金杆菌、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、乙基多杀菌素等5种杀虫剂对小菜蛾的田间药效,本文采用喷雾法进行了田间试验。结果表明,10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂、6%乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂对小菜蛾在药后1~7 d的防效较好;32000 IU/mg苏云金杆菌可湿性粉剂、32000 IU/mg苏云金杆菌可湿性粉剂与10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂分别按50%推荐用量组成的1∶1的混配剂,药后1 d的防效仅在60%左右,速效性较差,但是药后3~7 d的防效较好。其中,混配剂药后3 d的防效高达90.70%。5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐水分散粒剂和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油在药后1~7 d的防效均较差。因此,在西兰花生产上可使用减量的溴氰虫酰胺与苏云金杆菌混配剂进行小菜蛾的防治,以达到农药减量增效防治小菜蛾的目的;在小菜蛾暴发时,可使用溴氰虫酰胺或乙基多杀菌素,以达到迅速防治的目的。