Direct infection of potato tubers by the root parasite Orobanche aegyptiaca

Parasitic plants of the Orobanchaceae are known as obligate root parasites that develop haustoria that connect to roots of various host plants. This article describes, for the first time, a case where the root parasite successfully connected to potato tubers, i.e. to the swollen portion of an underground stem rather than to a root. The rhizosphere of Orobanche aegyptiaca and of its host Solanum tuberosum (potato) was carefully examined. In anatomical studies, the adventitious roots were directly connected to potato tubers. Numerous secondary haustoria, which developed along the adventitious roots in close vicinity to the potato tuber, penetrated the tuber epidermis and the perimedullary tuber parenchyma and developed xylem strands that are presumably connected to the minor xylem strands within the tuber cortex. These findings indicate that parasites of the Orobanchaceae that normally attack host roots may also parasitise underground stem tubers.     

向日葵锈菌单核和双核吸器的超微结构比较研究

观察发现,向日葵锈菌单核吸器和双核吸器存在一系列的差异:(1)单核吸器母细胞隔膜不产生隔膜突,入侵口四周的吸器母细胞壁不局部增厚;(2)单核吸器母细胞在入侵寄主细胞壁时不形成入侵栓;(3)双核吸器由管状的颈部和膨大的吸器体组成,单核吸器呈菌丝状;(4)在双核吸器形成过程中,寄主细胞可分泌胼胝质和产生与侵染有关的管状结构。结果表明向日葵锈菌单核的吸器母细胞和吸器的特异性明显低于双核的吸器母细胞和吸器。     

外源信号物质对肉苁蓉种子萌发与吸器形成POD、CAT活性及ROS含量的影响

利用外源信号物质氟草敏(norflurazon)和2,6-二甲氧基对苯醌(2,6-DMBQ)分别诱导肉苁蓉种子萌发与吸器形成,研究它们在此过程中对过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及活性氧(ROS)含量的影响。结果表明：在诱导肉苁蓉种子萌发时,经norflurazon处理0~168 h后,种子中POD和CAT活性呈现显著升高的变化趋势,种子中ROS含量显著升高。在诱导肉苁蓉种子萌发体吸器形成时,经2,6-DMBQ处理0~72 h后,肉苁蓉种子萌发体中POD和CAT活性呈现显著升高的变化趋势,萌发体中ROS含量显著升高。表明在诱导肉苁蓉种子萌发与吸器形成过程中,外源信号物质norflurazon和2,6-DMBQ能影响POD、CAT活性及ROS含量的变化。

     

吸器诱导因子对管花肉苁蓉吸器形成的影响

将萌发2 d的管花肉苁蓉芽管用6-苄氨基嘌呤、2,6-二甲氧基对苯醌、细胞分裂素、间苯二酚、槲皮素处理24 h,以2,7二氯氢化荧光素乙二脂作为荧光探针,用激光共聚焦显微镜对芽管中的活性氧进行定位和定量测定;同时统计处理5 d后芽管形成吸器的数量,以探讨吸器诱导因子对管花肉苁蓉芽管活性氧含量及吸器建成的影响。结果表明：芽管顶端感受吸器诱导因子刺激,而迅速膨大形成吸器,2,6-二甲氧基对苯醌处理吸器诱导率最高,为80%;依次为Kinetin和6-BA,为76%;槲皮素和间苯二酚,为60%。激光共聚焦显微镜检测活性氧含量表明,芽管顶端是产生活性氧的主要部位,槲皮素处理的芽管H2O2分泌量最高,依次为间苯二酚、6-BA、Kinetin和DMBQ。可见吸器诱导因子可以提高管花肉苁蓉芽管的吸器诱导率。     

Effect of flutianil on the morphology and gene expression of powdery mildew

Flutianil, a fungicide effective only on powdery mildew, was previously reported to affect the host cell''s haustorial formation and nutrient absorption. Studies were conducted to investigate flutianil''s primary site of action on Blumeria graminis morphology using transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation and RNA sequencing (RAN-seq) techniques. TEM observation revealed that flutianil caused the extra-haustorial matrix and fungal cell wall to be obscured, without remarkable changes of other fungal organelles. RNA-seq analysis indicated that, unlike other powdery-mildew fungicides, flutianil did not significantly affect the constantly expressed genes for the survival of B. graminis. Genes whose expression is up- or downregulated by flutianil were found; these are the three sugar transporter genes and various effector genes, mainly expressed in haustoria. These findings indicate that the primary site of action of flutianil might be in the haustoria.     

Macroscopic and Histological Characterisation of Genes er1 and er2 for Powdery Mildew Resistance in Pea

In pea, two single recessive genes, er1 and er2, have been identified for resistance to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi, but little is known about their mode of action. Pea accessions carrying the genes er1 or er2 and other accessions displaying resistance to powdery mildew in the field were studied. In accessions carrying gene er1, epidermal cell penetration was prevented and very few haustoria or colonies were formed. Under controlled conditions, er1 conferred complete or almost complete resistance to the fungal isolates used and this resistance was not associated with macroscopically visible necrosis. Under field conditions these accessions developed a low level of disease. Resistance in line JI2480 (carrying er2) increased with temperature and leaf age, and complete resistance was expressed only at high temperature (25 °C) or in mature leaves. This resistance was based mainly on post-penetration cell death, complemented by a reduction of percentage penetration success in mature leaves. Combining the resistance provided by gene er1 and by line JI2480 into new cultivars is likely to increase their level of resistance and enhance durability of the protection.     

管花肉苁蓉幼苗发育解剖学研究

采用光学显微镜和透射电镜方法,研究管花肉苁蓉吸器侵入寄主根和幼苗分化建成过程的形态学。结果表明:1)管花肉苁蓉吸器接触柽柳根表皮层后,吸器顶端分化出侵入细胞。在侵入细胞引领下,吸器呈楔形结构依次侵入柽柳根皮层、中柱和木质部。在吸器侵入寄主根过程中,与寄主根皮层细胞接触的吸器细胞壁呈现增厚反应,与吸器顶端邻近的多层寄主皮层细胞被机械挤压而变形,乃至被破坏。2)在吸器侵入木质部后,与寄主根表皮连接的管花肉苁蓉芽端薄壁组织恢复分生能力,分化出芽端生长点;生长点分化鳞叶原基,鳞叶原基长大为鳞叶幼叶,在鳞叶幼叶的叶腋内分化出生长点,发育成肉苁蓉幼苗。结果显示,管花肉苁蓉吸器侵入寄主根是一个主动过程,并有机械力的参与。吸器侵入寄主根和芽端生长分别呈现单极生长方式。     

毛泡桐种子和果实发育的研究

对毛泡桐〔Paulownia tomentosa(Thunb)Hemsl.〕种子和果实的发育过程进行了较系统的观察和研究,其特征为:1.胚珠为倒生型,具单珠被和薄珠心;2.胚的发育为十字花型,发育过程经历了指形胚、四细胞原胚、八细胞原胚、球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚和成熟胚阶段;3.胚乳的发育属于细胞型,第一次分裂为横分裂,并形成多细胞的合点吸器和泡状的珠孔吸器;4.为有胚乳种子,珠被外层细胞向四周扩展成网状加厚的种翅;5.为蒴果,二室,内有多数(500～1200粒)种子,果实发育过程经历了速生期、充实期和成熟期阶段.     

小麦条锈菌效应蛋白Hasp83在条锈菌致病性中的功能分析

【背景】条锈病是小麦上的重大病害,由条形柄锈菌小麦专化型（Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici,Pst）侵染引起。条锈菌是活体营养型寄生真菌,在侵染过程中形成吸器,通过吸器从寄主植物汲取营养。同时,吸器分泌效应蛋白调控寄主免疫,促进侵染过程。【目的】明确条锈菌效应蛋白的功能及其作用机理,为揭示条锈菌的致病机制打下基础。【方法】比较分析条锈菌夏孢子、芽管和吸器转录组,获得在吸器诱导表达的分泌蛋白基因Hasp83,在本氏烟叶片细胞中瞬时表达观察是否能抑制由BAX引起的细胞坏死;利用qRT-PCR分析该基因在条锈菌侵染小麦不同阶段的表达水平。借助荧光假单胞菌Ⅲ型分泌系统和寄主诱导的基因沉默（host-induced gene silencing,HIGS）分析Hasp83在条锈菌侵染过程中的功能。利用酵母双杂交系统筛选小麦中与Hasp83互作的蛋白,免疫共沉淀技术进一步在烟草细胞中共表达验证Hasp83及其候选靶标蛋白的互作。【结果】Hasp83开放阅读框全长522 bp,编码173个氨基酸,蛋白N端1—29位氨基酸为信号肽,无保守结构域,在本氏烟叶片细胞中...