Temporal disease dynamics and relative importance of sexual and asexual reproduction of grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in an isolated vineyard in the North Georgia Mountains,USA

The North Georgia Mountains are the southernmost region along the United States East Coast where European wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) are grown commercially. Epidemics of downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, are frequent and severe, but little is known about the epidemiology and population biology of the pathogen in this region. Disease monitoring in an experimental vineyard from 2015 to 2017 indicated that times of disease onset and progress rates were highly variable across years and cultivars. Oospores were observed microscopically, and simulation with a process-based model indicated presence of conditions favourable for oospore germination in the spring and early summer each year. A total of 409 P. viticola isolates collected over three  years were genotyped with seven microsatellite markers, revealing very high genotypic diversity, which when combined with the observation of oospores is indicative of a sexually reproducing population. Among the 409 isolates, 225 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified, of which 164 were detected only once and 61 were repeated (clonal). Eight MLGs (represented by 28 isolates) were detected across years, suggesting the possibility of asexual overwintering of P. viticola in this region. Across sampling dates, the percentage of isolates belonging to nonrepeated (unique) MLGs ranged from 27.3% to 63.2%. Even towards the end of the annual epidemic, the percentage of isolates in nonrepeated MLGs was still relatively high, around 30%. These MLGs may have originated from oospores germinating late during the growing season, although incomplete sampling at earlier dates and contribution by immigration cannot be fully excluded.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9敲除葡萄VviPDS1基因的研究

选择葡萄八氢番茄红素脱氢酶(Phytoene desaturase)基因VviPDS1为靶标,利用CRISPR/Cas9系统构建基因敲除载体,瞬时转化葡萄叶片原生质体,检测到不同类型的突变。通过农杆菌介导转化‘无核白’葡萄胚性愈伤组织,筛选获得卡那霉素抗性植株71株。经PCR鉴定,其中53株为阳性植株,阳性率为74.64%。测序结果表明,共有20株在靶点发生不同类型的突变,编辑效率为37.74%;其中9株产生了双等位基因突变。对其进行氨基酸序列预测,在第202位氨基酸之后发生了不同程度的变异。利用CRISPR/Cas9系统敲除VviPDS1获得的突变体植株呈现整体矮化,其叶片出现不同程度白化。表明CRISPR/Cas9系统可以通过细胞中的瞬时或稳定表达进行基因编辑,可以实现在葡萄编辑植株中产生纯合敲除。     

Crude garlic extract significantly inhibits replication of grapevine viruses

Efforts to control viral diseases of grapevine include the production of certified material and development of virus-resistant transgenic grapevines. However, effective antiviral agents, once the viruses have infected the plants, are still lacking. This study shows that a crude garlic extract has significant antiviral activity against grapevine viruses. Replication of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) was obviously inhibited in grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon calli treated with diluted (1:100) garlic extract. The relative RNA levels of GLRaV-2 and grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) in cv. Summer Black grapevine in in vitro-grown plantlets 10 days after treatment with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 22% and 20%, respectively, of that in controls. The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) in field-grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls. Moreover, the garlic extract treatment led to a significant decrease in viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-3, GLRaV-2, GVA, GFkV, GFLV, GRSPaV and grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot-grown grapevine cv. Shine Muscat plants, and viral disease symptoms in these plants were obviously attenuated. In addition, this extract significantly induced expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes and stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes in grapevines. Taken together, these results indicate that the crude garlic extract acts as a significant inhibitor against a broad range of grapevine viruses.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统敲除葡萄中VviEDR2提高对白粉病的抗性

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统定点编辑葡萄白粉病感病基因VviEDR2（Enhanced disease resistance 2），在VviEDR2的DUF1336结构域设计靶位点VviEDR2-T1，构建CRISPR/Cas9敲除载体，通过农杆菌介导法转化‘无核白’葡萄胚性愈伤组织。对PCR阳性植株进行靶位点扩增测序，结果表明，共有8个转基因植株在靶位点处发生不同类型的双等位基因突变，编辑效率为32%；突变体植株生长势较弱，叶片较小，茎秆丛生、细弱。进一步对突变体植株进行抗病检测，结果表明，接种葡萄白粉菌（Erysiphe necator Schw.）5 d后，突变体植株叶片上白粉菌孢子仅能萌发出少量较短初级菌丝，表皮细胞产生大量明显的H2O2，而野生型叶片中白粉菌萌发出大量初级菌丝、次级菌丝和吸器，无明显H2O2产生。这些结果表明，可以利用CRISPR/Cas9技术编辑葡萄感病基因VviEDR2，提高葡萄白粉菌抗性。     

欧洲葡萄‘粉红亚都蜜’NAC基因DRL1负向调节植物抗旱性

以欧洲葡萄‘粉红亚都蜜’（Vitis vinifera‘Yatomo Rose’）为材料，利用荧光定量PCR技术和转基因技术研究葡萄NAC转录因子DRL1基因对逆境的响应。欧洲葡萄‘粉红亚都蜜’在激素和逆境胁迫下，DRL1表达呈下降趋势，其中以ABA和干旱胁迫处理最为显著。在ABA处理下DRL1转基因烟草株系种子萌发率和根长均高于野生型。干旱处理下，转基因植株对干旱的耐受性降低，同时胁迫相关基因NtLEA5、NtP5CR1、NtPSCS1、NtERD10C和NtDREB3的表达水平比野生型显著下降。此外，DRL1转基因烟草茎中柱发育受到抑制，尤其是导管横切面积仅为野生型的58%。以上结果表明，DRL1基因可能作为1个负向调节子参与植物的干旱胁迫。     

东北日光温室葡萄园水热通量特征及其对气象因子的响应

运用温室葡萄水热平衡观测资料，分析了东北日光温室葡萄的能量平衡和能量分量日变化、生育期变化以及分配规律，同时也分析了潜热通量（λET）对环境因子的响应。结果表明：水热通量各分量在整个生育期日变化总体上呈现为单峰趋势，净辐射（R_n）的峰值最大为618.75 W·m^-2，λET峰值最大为242.73 W·m^-2，感热通量（H）峰值最大为327.93 W·m^-2；在新梢生长期，白天λET较小，为34.55 W·m^-2,随着生育期推进，λET逐渐增大，在果实着色成熟期达到最大值（78.49 W·m^-2）之后减小；H在各生育期能量中均占了绝大部分；白天潜热通量占净辐射的比例（λET/R_n）在新梢生长期最小，为25.28%，在果实着色成熟期最大，为44.17%；感热通量占净辐射比例（H/R_n）整个生育期几乎都达50%以上，土壤热通量占净辐射比例（G/R_n）相对较小，变化范围为4.46~12.32 W·m^-2；在整个生育期能量比率大小依次为H/R_n>λET/R_n>G/R_n。在不同生育阶段瞬时尺度上，R_n是影响潜热变化最主要的气象因子，R²高达0.88。在日尺度上，各气象因子对潜热通量的影响在逐渐变弱，相对湿度（RH）与λET相关系数仅为0.28。但无论从瞬时尺度还是日尺度，R_n都是影响潜热通量最主要的气象因子。各气象因子对潜热通量的影响大小依次为：R_n>VPD>T_a>RH。     

Effects of Root Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Inoculations on the Growth and Nutrient Content of Grapevine

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of seven nitrogen (N₂)-fixing and/or phosphorus (P)-solubilizing and siderophore-producing microorganism based bio-fertilizers in single and triple strain combinations isolated from the acidic rhizospheric soil of native tea, grapevine, and wild red raspberries. As a result of this study, bacterial efficiency was found to be variable and depended on the bacterial strains and evaluated growth parameters. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has improved macro- and micro-nutrient concentrations in grapevine leaves, and stimulated plant growth. Triple inoculation and single inoculation based bio fertilizers were found to stimulate overall plant growth, including shoot and leaf weight, main shoot length, leaf ground index, chlorophyll, nitrogen, zinc and iron content of grapevine cv ‘Italy’. Bio-fertilizers increased the nutrients such as nitrogen, zinc and iron concentrations and consequently increased the chlorophyll content of the leaves.     

葡萄细胞分裂素响应调节因子VvRR2互作蛋白筛选与鉴定

【目的】从葡萄中克隆细胞分裂素响应调节因子VvRR2,获得VvRR2的互作蛋白,为阐明VvRR2在欧洲葡萄抗病反应中的作用机制提供依据。【方法】对葡萄接种白粉病菌,提取总RNA后反转录,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测VvRR2转录本对白粉病菌的响应;构建瞬时表达载体p BI221-VvRR2-GFP,转化拟南芥原生质体进行亚细胞定位分析;构建酵母表达载体p GBKT7-VvRR2,转化酵母菌株AH109,检测VvRR2的转录激活活性;构建酵母表达c DNA文库,以VvRR2为诱饵,通过Mating法筛选互作蛋白,对获得候选序列进行Blast分析;将候选蛋白VvTGA的全长序列克隆至p GADT7载体形成重组载体p GADT7-VvTGA,与重组诱饵载体p GBKT7-VvRR2共转化酵母,进行双杂交验证VvRR2与VvTGA的相互作用;将VvTGA的全长序列克隆至p SPYNE(R)173载体,形成重组载体p SPYNE-VvTGA,将VvRR2的全长序列克隆至p SPYCE(M)载体,形成重组载体p SPYCE-VvRR2,然后将两个重组载体共转化拟南芥原生质体,利用双分子荧光互补技术验证VvRR2与VvTGA的相互作用。【结果】葡萄接种白粉病菌后,细胞分裂素响应调节因子VvRR2呈现受白粉病菌诱导表达模式。VvRR2定位在拟南芥原生质体的细胞核,转录激活试验结果表明VvRR2在酵母体内具有转录激活活性。在含有60 mmol·L-1的3-AT培养基上可以抑制VvRR2诱饵载体的自激活活性,VvRR2诱饵载体对宿主酵母菌没有毒性。以VvRR2为诱饵,初步筛选到287个单克隆,在高严谨条件下进一步筛选获得23个有效序列,Blast分析显示这些基因参与蛋白质合成与降解、细胞分裂素信号传导、光反应和生物钟节律、生长发育和逆境响应。酵母回复双杂交试验结果显示含有空载体(p GADT7或p GBKT7)酵母在四缺培养基(含3-AT)上不能生长,含有两种重组质粒的酵母在四缺培养基(含3-AT)上能够生长,并在含有X-α-Gal的四缺培养基上能够显色。双分子荧光互补试验结果显示共转化p SPYCE-VvRR2与p SPYNE(R)173、p SPYNE-VvTGA与p SPYCE(M)的原生质体没有黄色荧光,而共转化p SPYCE-VvRR2与p SPYNE-VvTGA的原生质体显示黄色荧光。VvTGA的表达类似于VvRR2,呈现受白粉病菌诱导表达模式。【结论】葡萄细胞分裂素响应调节因子VvRR2是一个受白粉病菌诱导表达的转录因子,能够与VvTGA相互作用,并且VvTGA受白粉病菌诱导表达。     

Isolation,production and in vitro effects of the major secondary metabolite produced by Trichoderma species used for the control of grapevine trunk diseases

Antibiosis has been shown to be an important mode of action by Trichoderma species used in the protection of grapevine pruning wounds from infection by trunk pathogens. The major active compound from Trichoderma isolates known to protect grapevine pruning wounds from trunk pathogen infection was isolated and identified. The compound, a 6‐pentyl‐α‐pyrone (6PP), was found to be the major secondary metabolite, by quantity, which accumulated in the culture filtrate of T. harzianum isolate T77 and the two T. atroviride isolates UST1 and UST2. Benzimidazole resistant mutants generated from these isolates also produced 6PP as their main secondary metabolite, except for a mutant of T77 that had lost its ability to produce 6PP. The isolates UST1 and UST2 were co‐cultured with the grapevine trunk pathogens Eutypa lata and Neofusicoccum parvum in a minimal defined medium and a grapevine cane‐based medium (GCBM). Co‐culturing UST1 with N. parvum induced 6PP production in the minimal defined medium and the GCBM. The production of 6PP by UST2 was induced in the GCBM, while co‐culturing with the two trunk pathogens either reduced or had no effect on 6PP production. Mycelial growth and ascospore/conidia germination of E. lata, N. australe, N. parvum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora were inhibited by 6PP in a concentration‐dependent manner. The results show that the presence of N. parvum and grapevine wood elicits the production of 6PP, suggesting that this metabolite is involved in Trichoderma–pathogen interactions on grapevine pruning wounds.