Real-time RT-qPCR assay to detect sequences in the Piscine orthoreovirus-1 genome segment S1 associated with heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in Atlantic salmon

During the last decade, Piscine orthoreovirus was identified as the main causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in Atlantic Salmon, Norway. A recent study showed that PRV-1 sequences from salmonid collected in North Atlantic Pacific Coast (NAPC) grouped separately from the Norwegian sequences found in Atlantic Salmon diagnosed with HSMI. Currently, the routine assay used to screen for PRV-1 in NAPC water and worldwide cannot differentiate between the two groups of PRV-1. Therefore, this study aimed at developing a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay to target the PRV-1 genome segments specific for variants associated with HSMI. The assay was optimized and tested against 71 tissue samples collected from different regions including Norway, Chile and both coast of Canada and different hosts farmed Atlantic Salmon, wild Coho Salmon and escaped Atlantic Salmon collected in British Columbia, West Coast of Canada. This assay has the potential to be used for screening salmonids and non-salmonids that may carry PRV-1 potentially causing HSMI.     

Cf-2/Rcr3pim番茄品系对南方根结线虫的抗性测定

Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄不仅能够抵御番茄叶霉菌的侵染,而且对马铃薯金线虫的寄生也有一定的抑制效果。为挖掘根结线虫的新抗性资源,本研究采用室内人工接种法测定了Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)、Cf-2/Rcr3-3和Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄品系对南方根结线虫的抗感性。抗性评价结果显示,Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)品系对南方根结线虫表现高感,Cf-2/Rcr3-3品系为中感,而Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)品系则为感病。与Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)和Cf-2/Rcr3-3基因型相比,Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄品系虽然对南方根结线虫侵染的敏感性略低,但是不能阻止线虫在根系上的大量繁殖,不适于根结线虫的防控应用。     

两种基因型菊芋幼苗对盐胁迫的生长及生理响应

采用盆栽方法研究不同浓度(2‰,4‰,6‰)中性复合盐对具有不同遗传背景的两种基因型菊芋幼苗(LZJ028有性繁殖能力强且营养品质高;LZJ017块茎产量高)生长和光合等生理特性的影响,探究不同遗传背景菊芋幼苗对盐胁迫的响应差异。结果表明:(1)当盐浓度为4‰和6‰时,两种基因型菊芋幼苗的株高、叶面积、冠幅和地上部分干物质和鲜物质积累(与对照相比)均下降,LZJ028基径、叶面积和地上部分干、鲜物质积累下降幅度(4.24%和6.26%,14.82%和29.67%,8.51%和19.68%,7.62%和22.38%)均显著低于LZJ017的降幅(9.78%和29.75%,58.33%和63.18%,15.77%和26.88%,40.62%和61.82%)。(2)随着盐浓度升高,两种基因型菊芋幼苗叶片的SOD活性、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均显著升高(如盐浓度为6‰时LZJ017和LZJ028的SOD活性比对照组升高了0.41倍和1.87倍;脯氨酸升高了8.26倍和42.92倍;可溶性糖含量升高了0.39倍和1.18倍),LZJ028的各指标升高幅度均较大。(3)盐浓度升高,两种基因型菊芋幼苗叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量均降低,LZJ028净光合速率和气孔导度下降幅度均低于LZJ017;盐浓度升高,两种菊芋幼苗PSⅡ潜在活性和最大光化学效率也均下降,而初始荧光升高,如盐浓度为6‰时与对照相比LZJ028最大光化学效率和初始荧光变化幅度(10.53%和4.81%)低于LZJ017的变化幅度(43.04%和52.73%)。研究表明,盐胁迫主要抑制两种基因型菊芋叶片PSⅡ活性和碳水代谢速率进而抑制其生长,二者均通过提高保护酶SOD活性、增加渗透调节物质等策略缓解盐胁迫造成的伤害;LZJ028较耐盐,LZJ017对盐较敏感。     

Prevalence,geographic distribution and phenotypic differences of Piscirickettsia salmonis EM‐90‐like isolates

Early reports accounted for two main genotypes of Piscirickettsia salmonis, a fish pathogen and causative agent of piscirickettsiosis, placing the single isolate EM‐90 apart from the prototypic LF‐89 and related isolates. In this study, we provide evidence that, contrary to what has been supposed, the EM‐90‐like isolates are highly prevalent and disseminated across Chilean marine farms. Molecular analysis of 507 P. salmonis field isolates derived from main rearing areas, diverse hosts and collected over 6 years, revealed that nearly 50% of the entire collection were indeed typed as EM‐90‐like. Interestingly, these isolates showed a marked host preference, being recovered exclusively from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) samples. Although both strains produce undistinguishable pathological outcomes, differences regarding growth kinetics and susceptibility to the antibiotics and bactericidal action of serum could be identified. In sum, our results allow to conclude that the EM‐90‐like isolates represent an epidemiologically relevant group in the current situation of piscirickettsiosis. Based on the consistency between genotype and phenotype exhibited by this strain, we point out the need for genotypic studies that may be as important for the Chilean salmon industry as the continuous surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.     

The Tolerance Index and Translocation Factor were Used to Identify the Barley Genotypes with High Arsenic Stress Tolerance

Ninety-four barley genotypes were used to investigate the genotypic differences in arsenic (As) uptake and translocation and their relationships with As tolerance index (TI) and translocation factor (TF). Two As treatments (300 µM and 500 µM) were applied in the initial screening and the confirmatory experiments, respectively. The results showed significant (p < 0.05) differences in tissue biomass, shoot height, root length, As TI and TF among genotypes. Based on As TI, 11 barley genotypes were selected and divided into 3 groups, i.e. tolerant, mildly tolerant and sensitive. There was more As uptake in the roots of the As tolerant genotypes, while the As sensitive genotypes contained more As in shoots, which was further proved by the greater TF. Significantly negative correlation was observed between shoot and root As concentration. The results showed that As tolerant genotypes are able to restrict the upward movement of As, thus developing their tolerance.     

红花羟基黄色素A含量与花色相关性及其品种间的差异评价

探讨80个红花品种羟基黄色素A含量(HSYA)差异及其与花色的相关性,评价不同红花品种间的HSYA和花色的差别。以来源于不同产地的80份红花品种为试验材料,用高效液相色谱仪和Hunter Lab Easy Match?QC4.41型色差仪分析红花HSYA和花色差异。结果表明:不同基因型红花HSYA差异显著,变异幅度为0.05~14.99 mg/g,相差近288倍,平均为11.36 mg/g。在所有供试材料中,有43个红花品种的HSYA高于平均值。不同地理来源红花品种的HSYA差异较大,欧洲红花品种的HSYA高于亚洲和非洲;中国红花的HSYA高于土耳其、印度和肯尼亚等。视觉法将80份红花分为4个花色型,红色型红花HSYA高于橘色、黄色和白色型红花。白色、黄色、橘色和红色型红花的L分别为50.99、36.22、33.51和33.13,a分别为6.37、21.32、26.80和27.66,b分别为50.99、21.32、33.80和32.65。不同红花品种花色与L、a和b值呈显著正相关;黄色型和橘色型红花的HSYA与a值、色调值和色光值呈显著正相关;红色型红花HSYA与a值、b值和色光值呈显著正相关,表明a值越高,颜色越偏红,b值越高,颜色越偏橙。     

砂姜黑区施肥水平对花生不同基因型品种产量和品质的影响

【目的和方法】采用大田裂区随机区组设计试验,研究了施肥水平对花生不同基因型品种产量和品质的影响,为豫南花生主产区砂姜黑土上花生高效施肥提供技术支撑。【结果】结果表明,花生不同基因型品种的农艺性状、经济性状和产量存在明显的差异,常规施肥条件下,远杂9102、远杂6和豫花22的产量分别为5958.1kg/hm2、5437.1kg/ hm2、6008.6kg/ hm2,比不施肥分别增加18.4%,14.9%和13.7%；施肥能提高远杂9102、豫花22花生仁中油酸含量、油酸/亚油酸的比值,降低远杂6花生仁中油酸含量、油酸/亚油酸的比值；花生不同基因型品种对花生仁中粗脂肪含量及产量有明显的影响,远杂6花生仁中粗脂肪的含量最高,粗脂肪的产量最小,平均分别为50.3%、1873.3 kg/hm2,豫花22花生仁中粗脂肪的含量最低,粗脂肪的产量最高,平均分别为48.6 %、1895.2 kg/hm2。【结论】在N、P2O5、K2O施用量分别为150 kg/hm2、90 kg/hm2、150 kg/hm2条件下,豫花22的荚果产量和粗脂肪产量均最高,分别为6008.6 kg/hm2和2059.7 kg/hm2。     

Screening of diverse cassava genotypes based on nitrogen uptake efficiency and yield

As one of the top three tuber crops of the world, cassava is a staple food and feed crop for tropical and subtropical regions. Because of its high drought resistance and tolerance to nutrient deficiency, cassava is usually cultivated on hilly areas that are nutrient-poor. Nitrogen(N) is one of the significant factors affecting cassava yield. A double factorial(N level×genotypes) split-plot field experiment was conducted to analyze differences in yield and N accumulation of 25 cassava genotypes under low-N conditions to screen for cassava genotypes with high-N efficiency. The two-year field experiment showed that cassava yield and N accumulation are determined by specific genotypes, soil N levels, and year. Among these factors, soil N levels are the main factors that are responsible for differences in cassava yield. When yield and relative N accumulation under low-N conditions were used as screening markers, we identified an efficient and responsive genotype(SC10), and two inefficient and non-responsive genotypes(SC205 and GR5). The efficient and responsive genotype and the inefficient and non-responsive genotype can be used as study materials to further reveal the mechanisms for high-N efficiency in cassava.     

A Comparison Investigation on Antioxidant Activities,Physicochemical Properties and Phytochemical Contents of Kiwifruit Genotypes and Cultivars

The present work was conducted to find the physicochemical properties, chemical components and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit hydroalcoholic extracts (B-31, HO-1-14, J-242, Bruno, Greenlight, Hayward, Monty, Topstar) grown Yalova, Turkey. Phytochemical tests were performed to determine total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid. Moreover, the kiwifruit extracts were subjected to evaluate their antioxidant potential using different in vitro assays such as total antioxidant, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, reducing power, metal chelating, free radical, H₂O₂ and superoxide anion scavenging activities at 50–500 μg mL^?1, and also found EC₅₀ and IC₅₀ values. The soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and pH were analyzed in all the genotypes and cultivars. The highest total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid content were found in J-242 (89.53 mg GAE/100 g), J-242 (109.13 mg QE/100 g) and HO-1-14 (64.15 mg/100 g), respectively. The linoleic, palmitic, stearic and oleic acid methyl esters were detected in all kiwifruit extracts by GC/MS. Significant differences were found between genotypes and cultivars in the antioxidant tests. The extracts showed high inhibition of lipid peroxidation and compared to standards, significantly (p < 0.05). The GC/MS analyses confirmed quantitative variability in the antioxidant profiles. The SSC, TA and pH of kiwifruit genotypes and cultivars showed a moderate level. The key parameters for the most active kiwifruit included the following: total antioxidant activity for B-31, H₂O₂ scavenging activity for J-242 and metal chelating activity for Topstar. In conclusion, this study exhibited the important role played by the genotypes and cultivars background on the chemical content and antioxidant profiles.