海南橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病菌毒素蛋白基因检测与致病性分析

Cassiicolin毒素蛋白是橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病菌的主要致病因子。本研究对分离自海南省5个市县的橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病菌进行了鉴定,形态学鉴定结合分子生物学鉴定结果表明,病原菌为多主棒孢。利用Cassiicolin毒素不同亚型编码基因特异性引物和菌饼活体接种法分别鉴定了分离菌株的毒素蛋白类型和致病性,结果显示,分离的35个菌株都含有Cas5基因,未发现含其他类型的毒素基因,表明海南橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病菌为含Cas5毒素蛋白优势群体;所有菌株对橡胶树品种‘RRIM600’都能够致病,但是在不同抗性品种上致病性存在一定差异。     

重庆地区草地贪夜蛾肠道细菌的分离鉴定

为了解入侵重庆地区草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)肠道所携带的细菌组成,以采集自巫溪、巫山地区玉米地里的草地贪夜蛾为材料,运用传统培养方法分离了其肠道优势细菌,并基于16S rDNA测序开展了优势菌的属水平鉴定,共获得了30个细菌分离株,经16S rDNA序列同源性分析,可归于5个属,分别为克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)以及气单胞菌属(Aeromonas);其中,克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)的丰度最高,占所有分离菌株的63%;假单胞属(Pseudomonas)和肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)菌株仅在巫山地区分离得到,气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)仅在巫溪地区分离得到.实验确定了入侵重庆地区草地贪夜蛾肠道优势细菌的种类及丰度,为后续研究草地贪夜蛾肠道微生物对宿主的生长发育以及迁飞等重要问题奠定了基础.     

Effect of three insect-resistant maizes expressing Cry1Ie,Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj and Cry1Ab on the growth and development of armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker)

Three transgenic maize events(IE09 S034, Shuangkang 12–5 and C0030.3.5) produced Cry1 Ie, Cry1 Ab/Cry2 Aj and G10-EPSPS, Cry1 Ab and EPSPS, respectively, all of which target the Asian corn borer. The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker) is the secondary target. In this study, the effects of the three Bt maizes on the development and survival of armyworm were studied. The results showed that IE09 S034 had insecticidal activity against 1 st instar larvae, and the survival rate of armyworm fed with Bt maize for 10 days was 46.2%, significantly lower than that of the control. The larvae at 3 rd–6 th instar were more tolerant of the Bt toxin than the early instar larvae. However, Shuangkang 12-5 had good insecticidal activity against 1 st–5 th instar larvae. The mortality was nearly 100% when the larvae were fed with Shuangkang 12-5 before 3 rd instar, and the toxin had quick-acting efficacy. This event significantly inhibited the development of armyworm; that is, the larval duration of the 3 rd and 4 th instar larvae fed with Shuangkang 12-5 was prolonged by 4.5 and 3.0 days, respectively. The pupal weight and egg number were also significantly lower than those of the control. For C0030.3.5, it could control 1 st–5 th instar larvae effectively. The mortality rates were all over 50% if 1 st–3 rd larvae were fed with this event. The pupal weight of 4 th–6 th instar larvae fed with Bt maize were only 53.9, 56.8 and 54.6%, respectively, compared to that of the control. The number of eggs laid was significantly less than the control. The results indicate that all three transgenic maize events exhibit the potential to provide effective control of early instar larvae of armyworm, which can be commercialized in future to control lepidoptera pests such as Asian corn borer and armyworm.     

紫花苜蓿秋眠性的SSR标记关联分析

【目的】发掘紫花苜蓿秋眠性关联位点,为揭示紫花苜蓿秋眠性状的遗传规律和分子机制提供理论依据。【方法】紫花苜蓿关联群体由75份321个四倍体紫花苜蓿基因型构成,其中中国紫花苜蓿品种每份材料选取6—8个基因型;其余材料每份选取3—4个基因型。利用紫花苜蓿基因组均匀分布的85对SSR(Simple sequence repeats)标记,对321个紫花苜蓿基因型进行扫描。于2014—2015年连续两年对紫花苜蓿秋眠性开展调查,并利用一般线性模型(GLM)及混合线性模型(MLM)2种方法,开展秋眠性与SSR分子标记的关联分析。【结果】紫花苜蓿秋眠性表现出极显著的基因型、年际及基因型×年际互作效应。2014年,表型变异幅度为5.1—55.1 cm,平均值为22.4 cm,变异系数为45.5%。2015年,变异幅度在3.5—44.9 cm,平均为15.2 cm,变异系数为43.7%。秋季株高两年均呈现接近正态分布特征。广义遗传力为0.71。MLM模型很好的控制了紫花苜蓿秋眠性的假阳性关联。基于MLM模型,在2014年共找到12个显著关联的SSR位点,表型贡献率为2.42%—6.73%。2015年共找到11个,表型贡献率为2.45%—4.81%。在这些关联位点中,分布于Chr 2的m83_157、Chr 3的m525_230和m525_231、及Chr 4的m429_245,在两种模型及两年内均被重复检测到。【结论】通过两种模型发掘到4个与紫花苜蓿秋眠性显著相关的位点,经过验证后可以用于紫花苜蓿秋眠性分子标记辅助选择育种。     

粘虫高毒力白僵菌菌株筛选及其感菌后虫体内保护酶活性的变化

为获得生物学性状良好且对粘虫具有高毒力的球孢白僵菌菌株,本研究以8株球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)菌株为材料,根据菌株产孢量、萌发率和生长速率差异筛选优势菌株,然后测定优势菌株孢子悬浮液对粘虫3龄幼虫的致死率,以及3龄幼虫感染高毒力白僵菌后体内抗氧化酶和解毒酶活性的变化。结果表明,8株球孢白僵菌菌株生长特性各项指标均存在显著差异,菌株Bb314、Bb345、Bb412和Bb378的生长速率、产孢量和孢子萌发率高于其他4个菌株。菌株Bb314孢子悬浮液对粘虫3龄幼虫致死率最高,达69%。Bb314侵染粘虫后,感染前期虫体酚氧化酶(PO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著提高,于36 h达峰值;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在感染初期(24 h)时低于对照,处理48 h后达到峰值,并显著高于对照;谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性分别在处理36 h和48 h后达到高峰,并显著高于对照。以上结果表明,菌株Bb314可能通过影响粘虫幼体内抗氧化酶和解毒酶活性的动态平衡,进而影响其生理代谢。本研究为开发粘虫生防菌的潜力菌株提供了参考。     

种赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生能力研究

草地贪夜蛾是一种原产于美洲地区的多食性和迁飞性害虫。自2019年初入侵我国以来已蔓延至21个省（市、自治区），对我国的玉米生产造成重大威胁。为探讨草地贪夜蛾的长效控制体系，我们考察了5种国内常见的赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾寄生能力的影响，同时选择寄生能力较好的2种赤眼蜂进行了驯化培养。结果显示在供试赤眼蜂中，松毛虫赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生能力最强，平均单雌可寄生20粒卵；碧岭赤眼蜂次之，平均单雌可寄生9.6粒卵；玉米螟赤眼蜂几乎不能寄生，平均单雌仅为1粒卵。对松毛虫赤眼蜂和碧岭赤眼蜂利用草地贪夜蛾卵驯化多代后发现松毛虫赤眼蜂的寄生能力无显著变化，而碧岭赤眼蜂经过4代驯化后有明显的提高，由平均单雌寄生9.6粒卵提高至13.4粒。综上所述，供试的5种赤眼蜂均可寄生草地贪夜蛾卵，其中以松毛虫赤眼蜂和碧岭赤眼蜂的寄生能力最强，通过多代驯化碧岭赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生能力具有提升的趋势，因此国内本土的赤眼蜂也具有防治草地贪夜蛾的潜力。     

Tackling fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) outbreak in Africa: an analysis of farmers’ control actions

Abstract

Since its emergence in Africa in 2016, fall armyworm (FAW) has spread rapidly and poses a severe threat to the food security and livelihood of millions of smallholder farmers in the continent. Using survey data from Ghana and Zambia, we examined FAW prevention and control methods implemented by farm households and their impacts on maize output and household consumption of self-produced maize. The main control methods used included pesticide application and handpicking of larvae, while access to information on FAW was a key driver behind the implementation of the control methods. Results from an endogenous switching regression showed that the implementation of a FAW management strategy significantly enhanced maize yield and households’ own maize consumption. When disentangling the impacts of the main control methods, we found that the combination of pesticide application and handpicking of larvae produced the highest yield gain of 125%. We concluded that the current interventions put in place by farmers to tackle FAW infestations are providing positive outcomes, but successful management of the pest will require more actions, including raising awareness to enhance the adoption of control interventions and exploring other control options.     

遮荫下2种热带树苗叶片光合特性和抗氧化酶系统对自然降温的响应

选取 2种遮荫条件下 (8%、2 5 %全光照 )西双版纳地区热带雨林上层树种滇南红厚壳和中层树种玉蕊的幼苗 ,测定了雨季末自然降温过程中 2种植物叶片光合特性、抗氧化酶 (SOD、CAT、APX)活性、丙二醛 (MDA)含量的变化。研究结果表明 :低温使 2种植物单位面积叶绿素含量和净光合速率明显下降 ,生长在中等光强下的幼苗比低光强下的幼苗下降的比率大 ,滇南红厚壳比玉蕊下降的比率大。在降温初期 ,即从 10月到 12月初 ,2种光强下 2种植物SOD和APX活性上升 ,CAT活性出现波动 ,黎明光化学效率和MDA含量基本没有变化 ,光合机构没有受到氧化破坏。 12月末 ,中等光强下滇南红厚壳黎明光化学效率降低 ,SOD和APX活性有所下降 ,MDA含量显著上升 ;而低光强下的滇南红厚壳和 2种光强下玉蕊SOD和APX活性仍在上升 ,MDA含量变化较小。这表明 ,2种光强下 2种热带树苗是以不同的方式响应自然降温 ,低温对中等光强下的植物比低光强下的影响大 ,上层树种滇南红厚壳受到的影响比中层树种玉蕊大。同时 ,根据降温过程中抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量的变化 ,大致可将西双版纳热带雨林幼苗对低温的响应分为 2个阶段 ,即第 1阶段为低温适应阶段 ,抗氧化酶活性上升 ,光合机构没有受到明显的氧化破坏 ;第 2阶段 ,中等光强下滇南红厚壳抗氧化酶