Application of imidacloprid controlled-release granules to enhance the utilization rate and control wheat aphid on winter wheat

During winter wheat production, aphids need to be controlled with pesticides for the entire growth period. Controlled-release technology has been regarded as an alternative method for the improvement of pesticide efficiency. This study investigated two types of imidacloprid controlled-release granule (CR-GR): 2% imidacloprid CR-GR and 0.2% imidacloprid pesticide-fertilizer controlled-release granule (PF-CR-GR) when wheat was sown in winter. The release performance, utilization rate, terminal residues in edible parts, control effect on aphids, and achieved winter wheat yield were evaluated for both laboratory experiments and field application. Imidacloprid PF-CR-GR released more quickly in aqueous medium than CR-GR because of its good water solubility. After CR-GR treatments, the concentrations in wheat roots and soil were similar throughout the entire sampling period, and the concentrations in shoots were about 10–20% of those in roots. Imidacloprid was better absorbed when CR-GR was used as root treatment, compared with foliar treatment. Field application showed that imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR controlled aphids throughout the entire growth period of winter wheat and improved the wheat yield. These findings identified application of imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR on winter wheat as an effective way to enhance the pesticide utilization rate and ensure adequate yield. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the scientific use of pesticides and guides scientific pesticide application.     

氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂对桃小食心虫的防治效果研究

本试验比较了不同浓度氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂对桃小食心虫的防治效果。结果表明:试验药剂35%氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂在水中分散性良好,700倍用药量(有效成分量为41.2 g/hm^2)防治桃小食心虫的速效性和持效性均良好,14 d后防效达到最大值,为99.1%。试验证明,氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂可用来防治果树桃小食心虫。     

均匀设计法优选抗雏鸡白痢翁苋颗粒

利用均匀设计法及回归分析优选抗雏鸡白痢的中药组方翁苋颗粒.结合中兽药组方原则,将白头翁、马齿苋、苍术、陈皮等中药进行组方配伍,采用均匀设计法及回归分析,以不同配比的翁苋颗粒对鸡白痢沙门氏菌的体外抑菌效果作为考察指标,运用中兽医整体观念及体外抑菌活性评价筛选最优处方.采用腹腔注射鸡白痢沙门氏菌菌液的方法复制雏鸡白痢的病理模型,通过在饲料中添加一定比例的翁苋颗粒,于试验后统计有效率、治愈率.翁苋方28的组分配比为最佳处方,最优处方配比的翁苋颗粒高剂量组对雏鸡白痢的治愈率、有效率均为91.7%.该试验筛选出的优化复方制备处方翁苋颗粒能够有效防治雏鸡白痢.     

灌浆期高温对不同耐热性小麦籽粒淀粉积累的影响

为揭示小麦耐热机理，以3个耐热性不同的小麦品种(系)［44（耐热）、94（热敏感）和中国春（热敏感）］为材料，在开花后15 d至成熟进行胁迫（昼/夜温度37/17 ℃，14/10 h），探究热胁迫对小麦灌浆时间、千粒重、籽粒淀粉含量、组成和淀粉颗粒的影响。结果表明，在高温胁迫处理后，耐热和热敏感小麦籽粒总淀粉含量均降低，直/支比分别下降和升高；与耐热品系44相比，2个热敏感小麦品种的A型淀粉颗粒粒径减小，中间型淀粉颗粒（8~14 μm）增多。这些结果说明，灌浆期高温胁迫抑制了小麦籽粒淀粉的积累，但不同耐热能力的品种（系）对高温胁迫的响应存在差异。     

连芩解毒颗粒提取工艺研究

目的 优选连芩解毒颗粒的最佳提取工艺。方法 以盐酸小檗碱及黄芩苷的转移率为考察指标，结合单因素及正交试验法，对连芩解毒颗粒的提取工艺进行优化。结果 优选出连芩解毒颗粒的最佳提取工艺为：药材用60%乙醇浸泡1.0 h，回流提取2次，第一次1.5 h，料液比1∶10（g∶mL），第二次1 h，料液比1∶8（g∶mL）。结论 优选的提取工艺稳定、可行，为连芩解毒颗粒的生产制备提供实验依据。     

复方穿山龙颗粒治疗类风湿性关节炎临床观察

目的 观察复方穿山龙颗粒治疗类风湿性关节炎的临床疗效及不良反应。方法 将68例类风湿性关节炎患者随机分为治疗组（34例）和对照组（34例），治疗组给予复方穿山龙颗粒，对照组给予来氟米特片和洛索洛芬钠片，疗程3个月。观察两组临床疗效以及血沉（ESR）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）、类风湿因子（RF）的变化。结果 治疗组临床疗效的总有效率为85.3%，ESR、CRP、RF较治疗前均明显降低（P<0.05），与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），但不良反应发生率明显低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 复方穿山龙颗粒治疗类风湿性关节炎具有疗效确切、不良反应少等优点，适合患者较长时间服用。     

薯蓣属淀粉的研究进展

薯蓣是重要的药食两用植物,而淀粉是其根茎中最丰富的碳水化合物。综述了近年来薯蓣淀粉的研究进展,介绍了薯蓣淀粉的颗粒结构,概述了薯蓣淀粉尤其是薯蓣抗性淀粉的应用,并探讨了不同的物理和化学改性方法对薯蓣淀粉结构及应用带来的影响。     

Electron microscopic observations of sooty moulds on crape myrtle leaves

Sooty moulds on crape myrtle leaves were investigated using light and electron microscopy. The adaxial leaf surface was distinctly covered with soot‐like masses of dark brown hyphae and conidia. The main characteristics of the sooty moulds included stauroconidia, conidial clusters, hyphal degeneration and extracellular melanin depositions. Some conidia were round, measured ~10 μm in diameter, and mostly one‐septate; others were branched and multiseptate (stauroconidia). Based on their morphology, the sooty moulds were determined to consist of several component fungal species belonging to genera such as Antennaria, Metacapnodium and Tripospermum. Enclosed in electron‐dense melanin layers, hyphae and conidial clusters had concentric bodies exhibiting electron‐transparent cores and electron‐dense shells with fibrillar sheaths. Concentric bodies are hypothesized to function as multilayer lipid‐encapsulated nanobubbles or eukaryotic gas vesicles for cytoplasmic volume control. Intrahyphal hyphae possessed electron‐dense cytoplasm and lipid globules. These results suggest that sooty moulds are equipped with melanized cell walls, multicelled resting structures, hyphal regeneration, intrahyphal growth and gas vesicles to adapt to their xeric phylloplane environment. Condensed and elongated starch granules in the chloroplasts of mesophyll tissues may indicate the acclimation of the sooty leaf regions to light reduction and temperature increase.     

基于部首嵌入和注意力机制的病虫害命名实体识别

为了解决农业病虫害命名实体识别过程中存在的内在语义信息缺失、局部上下文特征易被忽略和捕获长距离依赖能力不足等问题，以农业病虫害文本为研究对象，提出一种基于部首嵌入和注意力机制的农业病虫害命名实体识别模型(Chinese agricultural diseases and pests named entity recognition with joint radical embedding and self attention, RS-ADP)。首先，该模型将部首嵌入集成到字符嵌入中作为输入，用以丰富语义信息。其中，针对部首嵌入设计了3种特征提取策略，即卷积神经网络(Convolutional neural network, CNN)、双向长短时记忆网络(Bidirectional long short term memory network, BiLSTM) 和CNN-BiLSTM；其次，采用多层不同窗口尺寸的CNNs层提取不同尺度的局部上下文信息；然后，在BiLSTM提取全局序列特征的基础上，采用自注意力机制进一步增强模型提取更长距离依赖的能力；最后，采用条件随机场(Conditional random field, CRF)联合识别实体边界和划分实体类别。在包含11个类别和24715条标注样本的农业病虫害自制语料上进行了实验。结果表明，本文模型RS-ADP在该数据集上精确率、召回率和F1值分别为94.16%、94.47%和94.32%；在具体实体类别上，RS-ADP在作物、病害、虫害等易识别实体上F1值高达95.81%、97.76%和97.23%。同时，RS-ADP在草害、病原等难以识别实体上F1值仍保持86%以上。实验结果表明，本文所提模型能够有效识别农业病虫害命名实体，其识别精度优于其他模型，且具有一定的泛化性。     

基于网络嵌入性的我国东北国有林区知识转移机理

文中从社会网络视角分析我国东北国有林区职工、家庭及林业企业知识转移的过程和影响因素，以期通过社会关系和网络结构促进林业企业转型。应用知识转移基本理论构建东北国有林区多层次知识转移理论模型，在此基础上从社会网络视角分析林区职工、家庭和林业企业3个层面的知识转移机理。研究表明:增强林区知识转移个体与利益相关者的联系程度、占据更多的结构洞位置以及提高个体网络中心度和凝聚程度有利于知识获取和内化；林区待岗职工与利益相关者的弱联系有利于其获得更多就业机会；国有森工企业由于过度嵌入社会网络，知识内化和创新动力不足。