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1.
The annual plant Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) is the most widespread invasive non‐native weed in the British Isles. Manual control is widely used, but is costly and laborious. Recently, biological control using the rust fungus Puccinia komarovii var. glanduliferae has been trialled. We designed an experiment to assess the impact of these control methods on invertebrate communities in relation to unmanaged and uninvaded habitats, and to determine whether mycorrhizal inoculation aided post‐control recovery of these communities. Sixty invaded and twenty uninvaded field soil blocks were transplanted to the experiment site, where a mycorrhizal inoculum was added to half of all blocks. Biological and mechanical control treatments were applied to twenty invaded blocks independently; the twenty remaining invaded blocks were left intact. Above‐ and belowground invertebrate samples were collected from the blocks at the end of the growing season. Overall, aboveground invertebrate abundance increased with the removal of I. glandulifera, and several groups showed signs of recovery within one growing season. The effect of mechanical control was more variable in belowground invertebrates. Biological control did not affect aboveground invertebrate abundance but resulted in large increases in populations of belowground Collembola. Our experiment demonstrates that mechanical removal of I. glandulifera can cause rapid increases in invertebrate abundance and that its biological control with P. komarovii var. glanduliferae also has the potential to benefit native invertebrate communities.  相似文献   
2.
  1. The white-spotted wedgefish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis) is a Critically Endangered shark-like ray in the family Rhinidae. Throughout its Western Indian Ocean distribution, it is targeted for its valuable meat and fins and is reported to have undergone major population declines. However, there remains a need for species specific time-series data to accurately assess localized population declines.
  2. This study used two independent long-term (37 and 40 years) time-series catch data from competitive shore angling and shark nets to investigate the size composition and catch per unit effort (CPUE) and conduct a risk assessment for the population on the east coast of South Africa.
  3. From 1977 to 2017 the competitive shore fishery captured 7,703 individual R. djiddensis, whilst shark nets in the same region captured 2,856 individuals from 1981 to 2017. Individuals captured in the nets had a sex ratio of 1.8:1 females to males, and were larger than those caught by the anglers. Although the mean annual sizes of net-caught individuals were above the size of reported sexual maturity, there was little evidence to suggest that any individuals captured were reproductively active.
  4. Both the competitive shore fishery and shark net catches exhibited strong seasonal trends with the majority of R. djiddensis catches occurring from October to May peaking in austral summer. Standardized CPUE from the competitive shore fishery declined substantially between 1977 and 2017 and shark net catches exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) fourfold decline in annual nominal CPUE from 1981 to 2017.
  5. Ultimately, a risk assessment showed a 65.1% decline in abundance over a period of three generation lengths, which indicates that the sampled population of R. djiddensis in South Africa should be classified as Endangered according to the IUCN Red List using criterion A2b. The conservation implications of this are discussed.
  相似文献   
3.
树种信息对林业资源监测和管理具有重要意义,及时准确地掌握树种及长势状况是防护林工程建设与效益评价的基础。为研究利用无人机高光谱数据进行防护林树种分类的效果,选取典型区域使用Matrice600型六旋翼无人机搭载Rikola高光谱成像仪获取高光谱影像,基于支持向量机-递归特征消除算法(SVM-RFE)选取原始波段最佳组合,再结合纹理特征、植被指数和数理统计特征,使用随机森林算法对所有特征进行重要性评估并与分类精度相结合进行特征优化,进而构建高光谱影像全波段、原始波段最佳组合、全部特征变量、基于随机森林(RF)特征优化后特征变量4种分类方案,分别采用最大似然法(MLC)、支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林对防护林优势树种进行分类。结果表明:所提出的基于交叉验证的SVM-RFE算法选出的原始波段组合能更好地还原原始光谱特征;通过RF算法的特征重要性分析与分类精度相结合的方法可以有效选出重要特征,当使用全部特征的85%(包括17个光谱特征、3个纹理特征、5个植被指数和3个数理统计特征)进行分类时,总体精度最高为9593%(Kappa系数为0.9475);所有特征中植被指数特征最重要,3种分类方法中RF算法分类总体精度(OA)最高。  相似文献   
4.
  1. Mediterranean fin whales aggregating in the Pelagos Sanctuary in summer to feed are exposed to vessel collision risk, particularly from high-speed ferries.
  2. This study developed models to predict summer fin whale distribution using a generalized additive model (GAM) and MaxEnt, with the aim of providing a tool to identify potential high whale–ferry collision risk areas along ferry routes within the Pelagos Sanctuary during summertime.
  3. Models were trained using sightings data collected in the summer months of 2009–2018 on board ferries crossing the central area of the Pelagos Sanctuary. Environmental predictors were bathymetry and mean sea surface chlorophyll concentration of the annual spring bloom period.
  4. The predictive ability of GAM and MaxEnt was assessed using existing knowledge of summer fin whale distribution in the region. GAM (deviance explained = 20.2%) predictions matched documented distributions more closely than that of MaxEnt, with highest predicted fin whale occurrence in deep offshore waters (>2000 m) encompassing the central north-western and western regions, and in the south-eastern region, consistent with known fin whale habitats within the Pelagos Sanctuary. Inter-annual variability was evident, influencing collision risk areas.
  5. Collision risk was estimated as a function of the overlap between the predicted probability of fin whale occurrence and ferry density estimated from Automated Identification System data. Ferry routes that cross the northern and eastern regions of the Pelagos Sanctuary presented relatively higher collision risk.
  6. Areas with changes in risk intensity between the years were temporally and spatially dynamic: some appeared intermittently throughout the study period while others persisted over consecutive years or recurred in different years.
  7. Due to the vastness of the Pelagos Sanctuary, vessel speed reduction maybe a more practical measure to manage collision risk than re-routing shipping lanes. A combination of Seasonal Management Areas and Dynamic Management Areas approaches could be adopted for high-risk areas.
  相似文献   
5.
中国深远海养殖发展方式研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在渔业转型发展进程中,发展深远海养殖是突破生态环境和自然资源约束性挑战,实现新时期中国海水养殖业可持续发展的战略方向。基于联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)关于深远海养殖发展的定义,结合中国海水养殖业发展水平和海域条件,对中国深远海养殖概念进行了界定。提出养殖品种选择、养殖系统构建、养殖海域规划是关系深远海养殖产业稳步有序发展的重要因素。在养殖品种选择方面,应重点考虑经济潜力、适应水温和养殖技术;在养殖系统构建上,分析比较了不同养殖系统应用于深远海养殖的适宜性、安全性和经济性;在养殖海域规划方面,应重点考虑养殖排放、环境承载力和海域条件。  相似文献   
6.
新疆草地优势种植物相对生物量沿海拔梯度变化特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
优势种作为草地生态系统中地上生物量的主要贡献者,其生物量既受到环境因素的影响,也受到共存种种间关系的影响。然而,由于物种的不同和环境梯度的差异,目前有关优势种生物量与环境因素关系的研究,尚未获得一致性的结论。基于此,本研究以2011-2013年对新疆9种草地类型397个样地中优势种相对生物量的调查数据为基础,首先统计了不同草地类型中优势种组成,其次通过一般线性模型分析了优势种相对生物量随海拔梯度变化特征,以及共存优势种相对生物量之间的关系。结果显示:1)新疆草地共有169个优势种,隶属31科120属。这些优势种主要以禾本科植物为主,占据了优势种的19.53%。其中,高寒草原、温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原和温性草原化荒漠中,最主要的优势种均为针茅。而在高寒草甸、山地草甸和温性荒漠中,最主要的优势种则分别为珠芽蓼、千叶蓍和角果藜;2)优势种相对生物量与海拔的关系可以归为5类,分别呈现无显著关系、先降低后升高的U型变化趋势、显著正相关关系、显著负相关关系和先增加后降低的单峰型关系。这5类关系所对应的优势种数量分别为50、9、8、6和4个,分别占优势种总数的64.9%、11.7%、10.4%、7.8%和5.2%;3)24个共存优势种之间,其相对生物量共存在19对显著关系,且大多数共存优势种相对生物量之间主要表现为负相关关系。本研究表明,优势种相对生物量与海拔的关系,因物种不同呈多种变化格局且受到共存优势种的影响,结果可对未来新疆草地地上生物量的维持和管理,提供一定的参考依据。  相似文献   
7.
粉蚧是一类重要的农林害虫,其种类繁多,分布区域范围广,寄主种类多,在农业生产中容易产生识别混淆。2018—2020年笔者在田间调查棕榈植物病虫害时多次发现一种粉蚧对椰子和槟榔为害较严重,经鉴定为柑橘棘粉蚧[Pseudococcus cryptus (Hempel)],通过对该粉蚧形态观察,其主要特征为:(1)粉蚧体缘具白色粉状蜡丝17对,前端侧蜡丝短,而后端侧蜡丝长,尾端1对最长,约等体长,在尾部正中尚有1对小细丝,夹在2根长尾丝的中间;(2)雌成虫触角8节,单眼基部边缘无伴孔,刺孔群17对,C1、C4、C7具3根锥刺,C3具3~5根锥刺,多格腺主要分布在虫体腹面3~8腹节上,领状管分大、中、小3类,较大的领状管多数分布在腹部节的边缘,少量分布在胸部和头部边缘,蕈状腺大小2种,较大的蕈状腺数量不多,分布在背面体缘和中部,刺孔群C1后方各有1个,较小的蕈状腺,在头胸部腹面边缘分布较多,2~5个一组常出现在胸节边缘和第1腹节腹面上。本文以图文结合形式详细描述了柑橘棘粉蚧各虫态特征,并编制柑橘棘粉蚧及其种近似种检索表,为其鉴定提供依据。  相似文献   
8.
开展城市园林植物的滞尘研究,筛选滞尘能力强的树种对于改善城市环境具有重要意义。以郑州市10种常见的公园绿化植物为研究对象,采用滤膜过滤法测定植物叶片滞留不同粒径颗粒物(TSP、PM>10、PM10和PM2.5)的质量,并分析叶片特征和蜡质含量对植物滞尘的影响。结果表明,不同植物叶片的滞尘能力以及滞留不同粒径颗粒物的能力均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。总体来说,滞尘能力乔木>灌木,雪松和龙柏滞留TSP和PM>10的能力最强,雪松、石楠和夹竹桃具有较强的滞留PM10和PM2.5的能力;南天竹对TSP、PM>10、PM10和PM2.5的滞留能力均最差。叶表面形态会对滞尘能力产生影响,叶表面粗糙度较大、能分泌粘性油脂或叶脉突出的雪松、龙柏、石楠以及夹竹桃叶片滞尘能力强。叶片蜡质含量与滞尘量具有一定的相关关系,蜡质含量与PM10和PM2.5的滞尘量呈显著正相关关系,与TSP和PM>10的相关性不显著。蜡质含量对叶片吸附细颗粒物的能力影响较大,随着蜡质含量的增加,叶片对PM10和PM2.5的滞留量增大。由此可见,叶表面形态以及叶片蜡质含量均会对植物的滞尘量产生影响,在郑州城市绿化中可以考虑雪松、龙柏和石楠等滞尘能力强的树种。  相似文献   
9.
Invasive alien species(IAS) are species whose introduction to areas outside of their native range cause harm to economics, biodiversity, and the environment. Understanding the genetic basis of invasiveness is critical for preventing invasion by an alien species and managing IAS with eco-friendly control methods. In addition, uncovering the genomic features of IAS is essential for accurately predicting invasiveness. However, even though increasing efforts have been devoted to sequencing the genomes of IAS, there is still not an integrated genome database for the invasive biology community. Here, we first determined a list of invasive plants and animals by mining references and databases. Then, we retrieved the genomic and gene data of these IAS, and constructed a database, Invasion DB. Invasion DB encompasses 131 IAS genomes, 76 annotated IAS assemblies, and links these data to conventional functions such as searching for gene coding sequences and Pfam, KEGG, NR annotations, BLAST server, JBrowse, and downloads services. Next, we analyzed 19 invasivenessrelated gene families which confer invasiveness in insects. To study the roles of noncoding RNA in invasiveness, we also annotated 135 494 mi RNAs, 89 294 r RNAs, and 2 671 941 t RNAs from these IAS. In summary, Invasion DB is useful for studying the invasiveness at the genomic level, and thus helps to develop novel management strategies to control IAS.  相似文献   
10.
镰孢菌是引起大豆根腐病的常见病原菌,传统检测病原镰孢菌的方法存在操作繁琐、时间长、成本高和 效率低等缺点,建立一种快速检测方法显得尤为重要。本研究基于翻译延伸因子序列(EF-1α)建立了检测镰孢菌 (Fusarium species)的多重PCR反应体系,检测了多重PCR体系灵敏度,模拟侵染样本验证多重PCR技术的可行性。 实验结果表明,该方法能够通过扩增片段的大小区分锐顶镰孢菌(Fusarium acuminatum)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、茄病镰孢菌(Fusarium solani)和禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)。灵敏度检测显示,最低检测基因 组DNA浓度达1×10-4 ng/μL;模拟侵染样本实验表明,使用镰孢菌和大豆基因组混合样本作为模板,在DNA浓度为 100 ng/μL时仍能准确检测出目的条带。因此。以翻译延伸因子序列为靶标建立的多重PCR技术,能够灵敏、特异 性地检测出该四种镰孢菌,可在复合侵染引起大豆镰孢菌根腐病的病原菌鉴定中准确检测。  相似文献   
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