燃煤烟气脱硫石膏农用的环境安全风险

中国从20世纪90年代后期开始利用燃煤烟气脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤。燃煤烟气脱硫石膏是来自于电厂的脱硫废渣,是对含硫燃料(主要是煤)燃烧后产生的烟气进行脱硫净化处理而得到的工业副产物。随着中国燃煤电厂除尘、脱硫和脱硝等烟气污染控制系统的安装,在解决燃煤燃烧过程中SO2等废气减排的同时,也会产生越来越多的脱硫石膏等脱硫副产物。燃煤烟气脱硫石膏资源化利用为燃煤电厂解决越来越多的脱硫残渣处置问题而受到关注。由于燃煤烟气脱硫石膏性质和天然石膏相似,因此有研究利用燃煤烟气脱硫石膏代替天然石膏进行盐碱地改良。然而,当企业采用燃煤烟气净化技术和协同脱汞工艺,煤中有害污染物在脱硫过程中富集到烟气脱硫副产物——脱硫石膏及飞灰中,导致燃煤烟气脱硫石膏中主要有汞(Hg)、氟(F)、氯(Cl)和硒(Se)等多种污染元素的富集;脱硫飞灰中主要有砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)和锌(Zn)等多种污染元素的富集。研究数据显示,我国部分烟气脱硫石膏中Hg、Cd、As、Se、F和Cl等含量存在不同程度超出国家土壤环境质量标准和地下水质量标准。为保障土壤健康、食品安全和环境安全,建议应严格控制脱硫剂来源、脱硫工艺、脱硫石膏使用量,并对农田土壤环境风险进行长期监测,防止土壤中污染元素累积;未经无害化处理、有害物质超标的、存在环境安全风险的不得直接施用于农田土壤,杜绝其进入食物链而危害人类健康。     

Effect of gypsum on potassium and iron release from phlogopite to alfalfa

This study evaluated the effects of gypsum on the release rate of potassium (K) and iron (Fe) from phlogopite to alfalfa under greenhouse conditions. The medium was a mixture of quartz sand as filling material, K- and Fe-bearing micaceous mineral (phlogopite) and different levels of gypsum (0%, 2%, 5%, 12% and 25%). During the 6-month cultivation period, the pots were irrigated and/or fed with distilled water and four different nutrient solutions. The results showed statistically significant effects of different levels of gypsum on dry weight and K and Fe concentration of shoots and roots. It seems that an increase in calcium (Ca) concentration, due to the addition of gypsum, changes the equilibrium of K and Fe in the root zone and plant tissues. The results of this study show that the rate of K and Fe release from micaceous minerals is extremely reduced in the presence of gypsum.     

硫酸法钛石膏作为土壤调理剂在油菜上的施用效果研究

为研究钛白粉生产过程中经无害化处理的副产品钛石膏作为土壤调理剂的施用效果及安全性,试验对供试钛石膏通过成分鉴定—土柱淋溶—盆栽种植的方式,研究了钛石膏和钛石膏淋溶液中的有害元素含量以及钛石膏与土壤不同比例掺混后对油菜生长、产量和功能叶光合速率影响。结果表明:钛石膏主要成分为CaSO_4和Fe_2O_3,固体中的重金属含量均符合国家安全标准。钛石膏淋溶液中含有较少量的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+),不含其他有害物质,施用后不会随雨水和灌溉污染土壤和地下水。随着钛石膏添加比例的增加,油菜产量呈先增高后降低的趋势,过量的钛石膏施用会抑制油菜的生长。钛石膏与土壤按照1∶4体积比混合施用后效果最好,与常规土壤栽培方式相比,油菜出苗20天后功能叶蒸腾速率提高了11.86%;出苗30天后功能叶SPAD值增加了4.33%,收获时油菜株高提高了12.97%,产量增加了14.08%。相关性分析显示,油菜产量(y)与钛石膏添加比例(x)的关系为y=0.0001x~3-0.0212x~2+0.6966x+41.815(R~2=0.999 4),综合考虑函数及其他因素,在实际生产中若每公顷施用300t的钛石膏能起到最佳增产效果。     

Plant Availability of Sulfur Added to Finished Fertilizers

As single superphosphate availability decreases due to closure of aging manufacturing plants increasing attention is being paid to alternative phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) sources. This glasshouse study, conducted under non-leaching conditions was undertaken to evaluate the S supplying capacity of gypsum, S bentonite, elemental S (ES) and a range of P containing fertilizers and those where ES was added as a coating or incorporated. The magnitude of crop response in terms of shoot biomass to applied S fertilizer sources followed the order of sulfates > powdered ES > coated/incorporated ES > S/bentonite. These results indicate that fertilizers containing a mixture of sulfate and micronized ES (<75 µm), either incorporated within the granule or coated onto the fertilizer are agronomically effective. The results also suggest that local S coating of finished fertilizers is a feasible alternative to S incorporation undertaken at a central fertilizer plant.     

Effect of effective microorganism and gypsum amendments on nutrient leaching,pH, electrical conductivity,and Okra growth parameters under coastal saline soil

Nutrients losses through leaching are the main problem facing coastal saline soil. Effective microorganisms (EM) and Gypsum (G) at the application rate of 5%G and 10%G by weight were used as soil amendments. The pot experiment aimed to improve the leaching of nitrate (NO₃), ammonium (NH₄) and total nitrogen (TN) on the coastal saline soil. The EM+ 5%G treatment effectively reduced the content of NO₃ and NH₄ in the leachate by 86.59% and 68.18%, respectively. EM treatment reduced the leaching of NO₃ and NH₄ by 70.86% and 62.12% and EM+ 10%G reduced NO₃ and NH₄ by 11.80% and 50.76%, respectively. Moreover, the content of TN in leachate was reduced up to 13.23%, 5.80%, and 2.67% in response to EM, EM+ 5%G, and EM+ 10%G, respectively, compared to the control. These results indicate that EM combined with G as soil amendments can reduce leaching of nutrients and further support the regulation of a coastal saline soil pH and EC.     

滨海吹填土快速脱盐技术的初步研究

针对滨海地区吹填土的高盐分和质地粘重,从改善物理性状和降低盐分入手,通过添加不同量的脱硫石膏进行不同处理的脱盐试验,结果显示:3个处理都能够改善吹填土粘重的物理性状,有效降低吹填土中有害离子(Cl-和Na+)的含量,脱盐后的吹填土无次生碱化现象。3个处理中5%脱硫石膏和5%有机肥较单纯施用脱硫石膏的处理脱盐显著,且改良后的碱化指标明显低于另两个单纯施用脱硫石膏的处理。     

基于土壤钠离子含量的不同施用量石膏改良剂的改良效果

以土壤中钠离子含量为依据,分析石膏施量对土壤水盐分布和作物生长的影响,从而确定石膏改良剂合理施量。结果表明:石膏施量为土壤钠离子含量的200%时,土壤的容重下降14.44%,较其他处理下降幅度大;石膏施量为土壤钠离子含量的200%和300%时,土壤的含水量较其他处理增加幅度大,分别为5.94%和6.21%;石膏施量为土壤钠离子含量的200%和300%时,更有利于土壤的脱盐,相对脱盐率分别为14.1%和13.6%;各施量都增加了棉花的茎粗、产量,施量为土壤钠离子含量的200%时,棉花的茎粗和产量增加最多,分别为1.6 mm和45 kg·667m~(-2);当石膏施量为100%、200%和300%时,经济效益增加,相比对照分别增加108、263、148元·667m~(-2),当石膏施量为350%时,经济效益降低,相比对照降低了44元·667m~(-2)。     

磷石膏改良剂对土壤水分扩散率的影响

以靖远(A)、瓜州(B)、金昌(C)和新疆(D)4个区域盐渍化土壤为对象,采用水平土柱入渗法,探讨磷石膏盐碱土改良剂不同用量(0、6 000、12 000 kg·hm~(-2))对湿润峰移动平均速率和土壤水分扩散率的影响。结果表明:不同用量磷石膏盐碱土改良剂对4种盐渍化土壤水分扩散率影响不同。对于A、B、D 3个区域盐渍化土壤,改良剂用量为6 000 kg·hm~(-2)以下时,对土壤水分传输潜在能力有促进作用;当改良剂用量超过6 000 kg·hm~(-2)时,改良剂对土壤水分传输潜在能力有抑制作用。而对于C区域盐渍化土壤,随着改良剂用量的增加,对水分传输潜在能力有明显的促进作用,这说明改良剂对C区域盐渍化土壤作用效果明显。     

石膏纤维板生产技术

本文从产品性能,应用范围及生产特点等方面将石膏纤维板与传统的湿法纤维板、纸面石膏板进行了对比,并简要介绍了石膏纤维板的生产技术与市场前景。