新疆机采棉花实现叶片快速脱落需要的温度条件

随着机采棉的快速推进,籽棉含杂率过高导致清理工序过多及纤维不必要的损伤。新疆棉区棉花生长后期的热量资源有限,如何合理喷施脱叶催熟剂是改善原棉品质的关键技术措施。本研究采用分期喷施脱叶催熟剂的方式,探讨了温度变化对棉花叶片脱落率的影响及实现棉花叶片快速脱落需要的温度条件。结果表明,在喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0)d内,棉花叶片脱落率最高,达55%～79%,且与最高温度和每日≥12°C有效积温呈显著的线性关系。若要在喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0)d内实现55%的叶片脱落率,则应满足该时间段最高温度大于27.2°C、每日≥12°C有效积温大于7.0°C·日的要求。因此,喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0) d内是实现良好脱叶效果的关键时间段,期间的最高温度和每日≥12°C有效积温则是影响的关键因素。     

枇杷属植物落黄叶片颜色遗传多样性分析

调查发现枇杷属(Eriobotrya)植物种质落黄叶片有红褐色、金黄色、紫红色等24种代表性色泽。通过便携式色差仪观测枇杷属10个种176份种质落黄叶片正面和背面的色泽参数,探讨落黄叶片颜色的遗传多样性特征。结果表明:(1)枇杷属植物落黄叶片正面和背面的色泽参数L、a、b值变异系数差异较大,变幅为8.65%~185.30%,Shannon’s遗传多样性指数为1.95,说明落黄叶片色泽变异多样;(2)不同种质类群间和不同来源地类群间的变异系数和Shannon’s遗传多样性指数差异均较明显,呈现出栽培驯化程度越高,落黄叶片正面和背面的b值变异系数越小和a值变异系数越大的趋势;云南、贵州、福建地区的类群多样性指数较高;(3)系统聚类将落黄叶片正面色泽划分成12组,背面分成10组,且各组内所包含的枇杷种质类型差异大;(4)L值、b值对落黄叶片正面和背面的系统聚类分析贡献率均较大,落黄叶片正面L值与背面b值呈极显著正相关;(5)落黄叶片颜色的遗传多样性可作为枇杷属植物形态学特征描述的补充,为枇杷属植物的鉴别和利用提供新的参考,对枇杷分类研究具有潜在价值。     

山西棉花黄萎病菌致病性研究

2001年8月在山西省主产棉区运城、临汾、晋东南、晋中有代表性地取样、分离、纯化、鉴定,取得了19个黄萎病菌代表菌系和3个对照菌系。2002-2003年观察鉴定,山西省的19个代表菌系均属大丽轮枝菌(VerticilliumdahliaeKleb.)。这些菌系在PDA平皿上菌落的增长量、微菌核形成的快慢、数量、形状和大小变化以及黑色素产生的比值等均有差异,其致病力也不同。经温室致病力测定将其划分为3个不同的生理类型,即致病力强的落叶型Ⅰ型、致病力中等的Ⅱ型、致病力弱的Ⅲ型,分别占50.0%、36.4%、13.6%。由于致病力的差异,棉花黄萎病田间的症状表现也不同。     

刚竹毒蛾虫情级的研究

通过对刚竹毒蛾空间分布和各代食叶量调查及不同危害程度与毛竹产量关系分析，结合近20a测报和防治工作经验，提出了以20％食叶量为起始防治指标，以20％～50％，51％～70％。71％以上为预测轻、中、重3级指标。以10％食叶量为累进指标，进一步将虫情级分为10级。并对调查时间、调查方法进行综述。     

Specific polyphenol oxidase activity of red clover (Trifolium pratense) and its relation with forage quality in field experiments

Abstract

In feeding studies, red clover (RC) influenced positively the N utilization by ruminants. A relationship between polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and forage quality has not been established. Our objective was to investigate seasonal, site, genotype, and management effects on specific PPO activity in RC in three experiments under field conditions, and relate the activity to forage-quality parameters. In Experiment 1, six RC genotypes at two study sites were submitted to a 3-cut system. Specific PPO activity, forage quality, and vegetation stage were determined. PPO activity varied between harvest and study sites, with genotypes differing up to 3-fold in PPO activity within harvests. The specific PPO activity, forage quality, and vegetation stage in RC subjected to 5-cut system and grazing (Experiment 2) were determined. Additionally, in Experiment 3, cutting frequency in RC swards including mechanical stress (rolling) was investigated. The induction of PPO activity in RC by grazing or mechanical stress (Experiments 2 and 3) increased the activity up to 2.5-fold compared with RC at similar vegetation stage submitted to the 5-cut system. Mechanical stress induced by grazing or rolling, and seasonal differences, seem to have a larger influence on specific PPO activity than does the genotype effect observed in Experiment 1. For forage quality, an increased specific PPO activity explained 29–46% of the reduction in protein fraction ‘A’ content (non-protein N) in the cutting systems in Experiments 2 and 3. Other CP fractions achieved a lower relation. Furthermore, the precipitation-to-temperature ratio preceeding a harvest explained 63% of the variation in the specific PPO activity. In conclusion, the PPO activity in RC is induced by grazing and rolling. Whereas weather conditions preceeding a harvest showed a large influence, genotype influence had only minor relevance. These results may have implications for regional harvest management towards efficient N utilization by ruminants.     

Vitality rating of picea abies by defoliation class and other vigour indicators

The study was made to assess the relationship between visually estimated defoliation class and a number of other variables depicting the vitality of Norway spruce (n=50). Variables characterizing crown size and condition were determined on the standing trees. Electrical impedance (an indication of the physiological status of a tree) was measured in the inner bark tissue of the living trees. Shoot growth and needle variables were determined from the detached sample branches. Negative correlations were found between defoliation class and the growth parameters (5‐year height, radial and volume growth of the trunk). Positive correlations were observed between the needle loss class and the abundance of branch damage, secondary shoots and impedance values. 18 variables (defoliation excluded) describing tree size and vitality were summarized in a factor analysis incorporating 5 factors. These were interpreted as 1) vitality, 2) foliage discoloration, 3) tree size, 4) needle number and 5) needle size factors. The tree‐specific score values for the first factor were interpreted as “vitality indices”;. The rank correlation between these score values and defoliation degree was 0.835. This result suggests that the defoliation class and vitality parameters contributing to the first factor give a consistent estimate of the tree condition.     

小型甘蔗剥叶机的试验与研究

甘蔗作为我国南方一种主要经济作物，其收获既费工时又费劳力，而脱叶的劳动时间最长。通过各种剥叶方法的比较和分析，介绍甘蔗剥叶机剥叶装置的工作原理、关键技术以及研制现状，得出小型甘蔗剥叶机是最适合我国南方甘蔗收获的一种小型农机．能较大幅度地提高劳动生产率。     

Effects of defoliation on whole‐plant maize characteristics as forage and energy crop

Hail affects yield and quality of maize crops, and consequences also depend on the growth stage at which the injury occurred. Whole‐plant maize (WPM) silage is often used within the same farm for cattle feeding and biogas production. The present study aimed to verify the effects of hail damage, simulated by artificial defoliation, on yield and chemical and nutritional features, as well as on biochemical methane potential (BMP) of maize forage. In a randomized block design with three replicates, four defoliation levels (0%, 33%, 66% and 100% of leaf area removal respectively) have been applied at either the V12 (12th leaf), R1 (silking) or R3 (milk) stages for two consecutive years. WPM yield, chemical and nutritional features, and BMP were measured. Dry‐matter (DM) yield per hectare was progressively reduced (p < 0.001) with increasing levels of defoliation and with application at V12 in comparison with R1 or R3 (1.26 vs. 1.39 and 1.46 kg ha^?1 for V12 vs. R1 and R3; p < 0.003). Nutritive value and BMP per unit of product were less altered than dry‐matter yield per hectare by defoliation. Anticipating defoliation reduced net energy for lactation (5.26 vs. 5.46 MJ kg^?1 DM for V12 and R3 respectively; p = 0.02). Total defoliation resulted in an accumulation of nitrates (NO₃) compared to the other treatments (3.98 vs. 1.53 g NO₃ kg^?1 DM; p < 0.001). BMP was mainly reduced by early and complete defoliation. Equations were developed to estimate the effects of defoliation on yield, composition, and nutritive and energetic values of WPM.     

周期性去叶对地毯草克隆生长的影响

以地毯草为研究对象,通过随机区组试验,初步研究不同去叶周期对地毯草克隆生长的影响。结果表明,不同的去叶周期之间存在显著或极显著性差异,中等强度去叶(D20)最适宜地毯草的生长。而过度去叶(D10)或长时间未去叶(D60)都抑制了地毯草的正常生长,从而导致地毯草草坪使用价值下降。因此,中度去叶有利于地毯草的克隆生长,提高成坪速率及其观赏价值。     

川西高原苹果早期落叶病调查及防治研究

[目的]探讨川西高原苹果早期落叶病发生规律及药剂防治效果。[方法]于2009～2011年对川西高原苹果早期落叶病进行了系统调查,并对其进行了不同药剂、不同施药时期的防治效果研究。[结果]病原种类以褐斑病为主,占32.5%;灰斑病占29.9%;轮斑病占25.7%。田间消长规律：一般从5月中旬发生为害至10月上中旬结束,但终年只有1个发病为害高峰,且其消长与雨量呈正相关（R2=0.891 8＊＊）。药剂防治试验表明40%福星防效最好（86.5%）,且花后施药1次为佳。[结论]为苹果早期落叶病的有效防治提供了理论依据。