Soil Organic Carbon and Soil Physical Characteristics as Affected by Land Uses under Semiarid Irrigated Conditions

ABSTRACT

Rice-Wheat rotation is the dominant land use in the state of Punjab, resulting in over exploitation of ground water resources. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate other land uses that requires less water and are sustainable. The present investigation was planned with four land uses viz., fallow (FLU), rice-wheat (ALU), grasses (GLU) and pear (PLU) with respect to their effect on soil organic carbon and soil physical characteristics in surface and subsurface depth in district Ludhiana, Punjab. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content was higher by 10, 30.9 and 24.9% under rice-wheat, grasses, and pear than that under fallow. The grasses showed higher soil moisture characteristics curve (SMCC) and lower bulk density (Db) than that under rice-wheat. The larger mean weight diameter (MWD) were observed under pear, grasses and fallow than that under rice-wheat by 0.21, 0.51 and 0.41 mm, respectively. The saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) was higher in magnitude by 56.1, 55.4 and 28%, respectively under PLU, GLU and FLU over ALU. Of the evaluated land uses, pear and grasses proved to be more sustainable by retaining more moisture, maintaining better soil physical characteristics and SOC under semiarid irrigated conditions in the state on long term gradual response.     

Long-term application of animal slurries to grassland alters soil cation balance

Abstract. Soil samples from a 32-year grassland field experiment were taken from 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm soil depths in February 2002. Plots received annual treatments of unamended control, mineral fertilizer, three rates of pig slurry and three rates of cow slurry, each with six replicates. Samples were analysed for cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), pH and Olsen P. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was calculated as a sodicity indicator. Mean ESP was generally greater for slurry treatments than the control, with a trend of increasing ESP with application rate. This was particularly marked for cow slurry. At 0–5 cm depth ESP increased from 1.18 in the control to 1.75 at the highest rate of pig slurry and 5.60 at the highest rate of cow slurry. Similar trends were shown for CEC, exchangeable Na⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Olsen P. The build-up of soil P due to slurry applications, together with this combination of physical and chemical factors, may increase the risk of P loss to surface waters, particularly from soils receiving high rates of cow slurry.     

椰心叶甲发育的起点温度和有效积温

通过室内饲养观察，测定了不同温度下椰心叶甲不同虫态发育的起点温度、有效积温及存活率。结果表明，椰心叶甲世代发育起点温度为11．08℃，有效积温为966．22℃，在海南省儋州市1a发生的理论代数为4～5代。持续过高温度，如32℃不适宜椰心叶甲的生长。     

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF DIFFUSE HEPATOCELLULAR DISORDERS IN DAIRY CATTLE

Ultrasonography of the liver was performed in 200 Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle using a 3.5 MHz transducer with a linear array electronic scanner. Liver samples were taken, processed and examined microscopically and the fat occupying rate was calculated. The hepatic ultrasonograms were evaluated according to the presence of bright pattern, dark pattern, deep attenuation, vascular blurring and blurring of edges. Of the 200 animals, 96 had a normal liver, 63 had hydropic degeneration of the liver, 37 had fatty infiltration of the liver, 3 had liver dystrophy and I had hepatic amyloidosis, diagnosed through histopathological examination. Amyloidosis was characterized by bright pattern and blurring of edges. Liver dystrophy had higher percentages of bright pattern and blurring of edges than normal liver. Hydropic degeneration had higher percentages of dark pattern and blurring of edges than normal liver. Fatty infiltration had higher percentages of bright pattern, deep attenuation, vascular blurring and blurring of edges than normal liver. The present results suggest that different ultrasonographic patterns can be observed in various diffuse hepatocellular disorders in dairy cattle     

基于SWAT模型的大安市降水入渗量变化的模拟研究

针对近年的研究热点,通过SWAT模型对半干旱、盐碱化严重的吉林省大安市进行降水入渗模拟。以2000、2004和2008年遥感影像解译得到的土地利用数据为基础,结合SWAT模型的模拟结果,讨论LUCC与降水入渗量的相关关系。2008年与2000年相比,难利用地的面积有所降低,旱地、草地等发生了大面积的增加,研究区内土地状况有所好转。通过SWAT模型运行得到的结果显示:2008年的平均降水入渗量为56.27 mm,比2000年的值高。利用降水入渗系数法进行计算,也得到了2008年的降水入渗量高于2000年的结果,这与SWAT模型模拟得到的结果有着相同的趋势,且平均降水入渗量的标准偏差为5.27,说明SWAT模型对于研究区有良好的适应性。同时,根据土地利用数据和SWAT模型模拟数据可以得知,LUCC对研究区的降水入渗量存在着一定的相关性。     

透气隔水埋体对土壤水分入渗与溶质运移的影响

为分析透气隔水(弱透水)埋体促进水分入渗与溶质运移功效,开展了不同容重(1.40,1.45,1.50,1.60 g/cm~3)透气隔水(弱透水)埋体的一维垂直土柱入渗试验,分析了不同容重的透气隔水(弱透水)埋体对土壤水分入渗与溶质分布的影响。结果表明,透气隔水(弱透水)埋体能够增加土壤累积入渗量,推动湿润锋运移,在一定范围内,随着透气隔水(弱透水)埋体容重增加,湿润锋推进速度与土壤入渗率均增加。600 min时,土壤累积入渗量相对增加7.42%～29.17%,湿润锋深度达到27 cm,入渗时间相对减少26.97%～64.27%。相比于对照组,不同容重的透气隔水(弱透水)埋体均能降低溶质向深层土壤迁移数量。Philip模型和代数模型均能描述透气隔水(弱透水)埋体土壤水分入渗过程,且Philip模型中吸渗率S和代数模型中综合形状系数α均与透气隔水(弱透水)埋体内外容重比呈正相关关系。研究结果表明透气隔水(弱透水)埋体能够通过改变上层土壤吸力分布提高水分入渗能力与溶质传输效率,实现对城市雨水径流调控和净化。     

棉花根系和叶片质外体汁液分离方法的改进

质外体汁液(apoplastic washing fluid, AWF)在植物生长发育和抵抗生物及非生物逆境方面发挥着重要作用。目前普遍采用真空渗透离心法提取质外体汁液,但具体提取流程和条件却因植物培养条件、种类和器官等不同而不同。本试验以营养液培养的棉花幼苗为材料,改进了棉花根系和叶片AWF分离的取样方法、渗透条件和离心参数等。结果表明,相对于通常的非整体取样,改良后整体取样简单易操作且显著降低了质外体与共质体的苹果酸脱氢酶(malate dehydrogenase, MDH)活性比值,更适宜开展质外体汁液组分研究。根据真空渗透鲜重增加和AWF稀释因子,进一步证明根系不用真空渗透;而叶片需真空渗透,适宜真空强度/时间为-60 kPa/1min,真空后恢复到正常压强约110s。证明叶片颜色变深面积可作为判定真空渗透强度或时间是否适宜的一种简易可行方法。最后,AWF体积、质外体与共质体的可溶性蛋白含量比值和MDH活性比值综合分析表明,棉花根系适宜离心力大小/时间长度为800×g/10～20 min,叶片为400×g/5 min。本改进方法为棉花AWF组分,如蛋白质组学和代谢组学等研究结果的准确性和可靠性奠定了基础,为其他作物AWF分离方法的优化提供了参考。     

黄河未来输沙量态势及其适用性对策

[目的] 探索黄河输沙预测的新思路，预估黄河未来输沙态势与输沙量水平，为黄河流域生态治理规划提供参考。[方法] 结合黄河流域水土保持生态修复现状，采用单累积曲线法、滑动平均及频率分析方法，分析1950—2019年黄河主要来沙区间的实测输沙量变化特征及其未来态势。[结果] 1950—2019年黄河输沙量呈现阶梯式减少。1950—2019年黄河中游各站累积实测输沙量随时间的变化可用“左半抛物线”表征。黄河输沙量自1997年以来已进入相对稳定态势，目前已达企稳状态；黄河潼关站未来年输沙量在90%频率下为1.00×10⁸ t左右，在10%频率下为5.00×10⁸ t左右，未来多年平均输沙量为1.40×10⁸ t。[结论] 为了维持黄河输沙量低稳状态，提升水土保持措施质量与标准，补齐“后水土保持”短板，构建完善的水沙关系调控体系，维持黄河下游河道冲淤平衡，是黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的保障。     

地埋滴灌点源入渗土壤水分运动规律实验研究

通过室内砂土中进行地埋滴灌的实验,对地埋滴灌在砂土中的适应性进行初步研究,为田间试验布置提供依据。通过分析湿润锋的推移速率、特征点的土壤含水率变化规律,发现湿润锋推移速率先是径向大于垂向,随着灌水时间和灌水量增加,水平方向和垂向的湿润锋和含水率趋于平衡。根据对比滴灌带埋深15和20 cm特征点的含水率变化情况,得出埋深15 cm节水效果更好,更利于作物生长。实验还得出湿润比能作为滴灌灌水参数的指标,由于作物种植的间距和作物根系深度之比基本小于1.0,因此在田间实际灌溉中湿润比应控制在1.0左右。     

土壤入渗传输函数输入变量分析

依据土壤水分入渗参数与其相关土壤理化参数之间的相关性,从土壤学的角度用物理的方法分析应县土壤常规土壤理化参数对土壤入渗传输函数影响程度,进一步确定其土壤入渗传输函数的输入变量。并用大田耕作土壤水分入渗参数及其土壤理化参数的实测资料,建立土壤入渗传输函数进行验证。