Inhibiting fungus on largemouth bass eggs with copper sulfate and its toxicity to fry and juveniles

This study determined the effectiveness of copper sulfate (CuSO₄) to inhibit fungal growth (caused by Saprolegnia spp.) on largemouth bass (LMB) eggs spawned on/in fiber mats in very high-alkalinity/-hardness waters; experiments also determined the toxicity of CuSO₄ to LMB fry and juveniles. An untreated control and three CuSO₄ concentrations (10, 20, and 40 mg/L) were tested under a flow-through scenario in the effectiveness experiment. Eggs were treated daily until hatching began. Fungal load at the time of hatch had a total area > 3.0 cm² in the untreated controls, total area 1.0 to <2.0 cm² in the 10 and 20 mg/L CuSO₄ treatments, and total area > 1.0 cm² in the 40 mg/L CuSO₄ treatments. Fungus samples were identified as Saprolegnia australis. The 24-hr median lethal concentration (LC50) values on the LMB yolk-sac and swim-up fry were 32.0 and 4.6 mg/L CuSO₄, respectively; the No Observed Effect Concentrations (NOEC) were 16.0 and 0.125 mg/L CuSO₄, respectively. Juvenile LMB were extremely tolerant to CuSO₄, and their 24-hr LC50 value was 185.5 mg/L; the NOEC was 64 mg/L. This study indicates that CuSO₄ can be an important resource for hatcheries to control egg fungus, especially in high-alkalinity/-hardness waters.     

15N-Urea Efficiency in Maize as Influenced by Humic Substances and Urease Inhibitors Treatments

Urea treated with urease inhibitors (UI) in association with humic substances (HS) is expected to improve urea efficiency by reducing ammonia losses and also provide the benefits of HS such as improve nitrogen (N) recovery by plants. Ammonia volatilization (AV), ¹⁵N recovery efficiency in the soil (NRE) and ¹⁵N use efficiency (NUE) were evaluated in maize (Zea mays L.) in a greenhouse pot trial. Treatments consisted of ¹⁵N-urea treated with UI (0, 0.4% boron (B) +0.15% copper (Cu), 0.64% B, and NBPT (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide)) and three levels of HS (0%, 0.6%, and 1.2%). A control treatment (without N) was also included. N treatments were applied at V4 (vegetative leaf stage 4) on soil surface. HS was not efficient on AV reduction, NBPT had the greatest reduction in AV, and B had higher efficiency on AV reduction than Cu. At V8 (vegetative leaf stage 8), NBPT had the greatest NUE followed by B. At VT (tassel fully emerged), NUE from urea treated with NBPT reduced when increased levels of HS, and NBPT had the greatest NRE. UI in association with HS treated-urea does not reduce AV and it does not improve NUE by maize in vegetative stages.     

亚慢性铜暴露对背角无齿蚌鳃抗氧化系统的影响

为探究淡水环境中铜(Copper, Cu)污染对背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)鳃抗氧化系统的影响,检测了Cu~(2+)(0.137、0.548、2.192 mg·L~(-1))暴露于背角无齿蚌7、14、21、28 d后,其鳃中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GPx)和谷胱甘肽转硫酶(Glutathione-S-transferase,GST)的活性,还原型谷胱甘肽(Reduced glutathione,GSH)和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量及总抗氧化能力(Total antioxidant capacity,TAOC)的变化。结果显示:随着Cu~(2+)浓度的增加和暴露时间的延长,MDA含量逐渐上升,表现出明显的"剂量-效应"和"时间-效应"关系;抗氧化酶SOD、GPx和GST活性均被显著诱导(P0.05), CAT活性被显著抑制(P0.05),抗氧化剂GSH含量显著降低(P0.05);Cu~(2+)暴露14、21、28 d,T-AOC与对照组相比均显著升高(P0.05)。总体而言,背角无齿蚌鳃抗氧化系统在Cu~(2+)暴露下被激活,但是鳃组织器官仍然受到了氧化损伤。GPx、GST和GSH对Cu~(2+)暴露响应最为灵敏。     

冷等离子体种子处理对铜胁迫下小麦种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响

为了评价冷等离子体种子处理对小麦种子萌发和生长抗重金属胁迫能力的影响,以4种不同功率的冷等离子体处理的3种小麦种子为研究对象,在3个不同浓度的硫酸铜胁迫下进行萌发成苗试验。通过测定种子的发芽率、根长、苗长以及根、苗中的Cu含量,计算发芽指数、种子活力指数,研究了冷等离子体种子处理对铜胁迫作用下小麦种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:冷等离子体种子处理对小麦在铜胁迫下的发芽率、发芽指数影响不显著,但提高了种子的萌发活力,根长和苗长最多分别提高了46.2%和145.4%,活力指数最多提高了82.1%。在低浓度Cu胁迫时,冷等离子体处理能够促进根、苗对Cu的吸收;而高浓度Cu胁迫时,冷等离子体在一定程度上能够提高Cu的转运能力,缓解了Cu对种子萌发活力、苗长和根长的抑制作用与毒害作用。研究表明,适宜功率的冷等离子体种子处理能够增强种子萌发和幼苗生长对重金属胁迫的抗性。     

网箱养鳝模式对Cu2+的吸附和鱼生产性能的影响

为探讨网箱养鳝模式下空心莲子草和麦饭石对水体中Cu_²⁺的吸附效应和共生体系中黄鳝、鲤鱼存活率,增重率及肌肉Cu_²⁺含量的影响,试验选取健康黄鳝120尾,随机分成4组,每组设置3个重复,分别放养于网箱内；鲤鱼240尾,随机分成4组,每组设置3个重复,分别放养于网箱外水泥池中。饲养56 d。检测空心莲子草、麦饭石、水体Cu_²⁺含量和黄鳝、鲤鱼的存活率,增重率及肌肉Cu_²⁺含量。结果表明,空心莲子草和麦饭石对水体中的Cu_²⁺均有较强的吸附作用,水体Cu_²⁺浓度明显降低；随水体Cu_²⁺浓度升高,黄鳝和鲤鱼的存活率、增重率明显降低,肌肉中Cu_²⁺含量显著升高。     

阿维菌素等三种常规渔药对卡拉白鱼的急性毒性

采用半静态法,研究了三种常规渔药阿维菌素、三氯异氰脲酸和硫酸铜对卡拉白鱼(Chalcalburnus chal coides aralensis)急性毒性效应。结果表明:阿维菌素对卡拉白鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为6.25、4.66、3.66和2.82 mg/L,安全浓度为0.77 mg/L;三氯异氰尿酸对卡拉白鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为3.22、2.49、2.19、1.79 mg/L,安全浓度为0.45 mg/L;硫酸铜对卡拉白鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为5.56、3.96、2.03、1.74 mg/L,安全浓度为0.6 mg/L。三种药物对卡拉白鱼毒性高低依次为:硫酸铜三氯异氯尿酸阿维菌素。三种常规渔药的安全浓度近于或高于生产中常用泼洒浓度,可放心使用。     

菌糠多糖对铜离子胁迫下水稻种子萌发的影响

为探究茶树菇菌糠多糖浸种对铜离子胁迫下水稻生长发育的影响,通过水培试验法研究不同浓度(1、10、100、1000、2000mg·L~(-1))茶树菇菌糠多糖对铜离子胁迫下水稻种子萌发及相关生理代谢指标的影响。结果表明:随着培养液中铜离子浓度的升高,水稻种子受到的毒害作用增强,发芽势和发芽率受到抑制,水稻幼芽根长变短,细胞质膜受损,相对电导率和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量上升,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等抗氧化酶活性下降。添加不同浓度的茶树菇菌糠多糖可以在一定程度上缓解水稻种子受铜离子的毒害作用,提高水稻种子的发芽势和发芽率,这一效应在水稻幼芽根部体现得尤为明显。同时,多糖添加可以修复细胞质膜的损伤,降低可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和MDA的含量,提高抗氧化酶活性。研究表明,茶树菇菌糠多糖可以有效缓解铜离子胁迫下水稻种子萌发的不利影响,综合考虑,当茶树菇菌糠多糖浓度为1000 mg·L~(-1)时,效果最佳。     

畜禽粪便中铜和锌污染现状及风险分析

为研究我国畜禽粪便中重金属Cu和Zn的现状及对土壤的污染风险,对数据库和课题组已有的数据进行整理,分析了我国畜禽粪便中Cu、Zn的现状,建立土壤中畜禽粪便重金属Cu和Zn的风险评估模型,预测施用畜禽粪便后土壤Cu、Zn的污染情况,并推算畜禽粪便Cu、Zn的阈值。研究发现,不同畜禽粪便中Cu、Zn含量差异较大,且Zn的含量均高于Cu含量。猪粪中Cu、Zn含量最高,中位值分别为406.9 mg·kg~(-1)和671.3 mg·kg~(-1),羊粪中Cu、Zn含量最低,中位值分别为28.7 mg·kg~(-1)和101.1 mg·kg~(-1)。施用猪粪的土壤中Cu和Zn的积累速率分别为12 080.0 g·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和18 928.4 g·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);家禽粪的影响其次,Cu和Zn的积累速率分别为1 396.4 g·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和7 978.1 g·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);牛粪和羊粪的污染风险较低。根据模型计算的阈值中,粪肥中Cu和Zn的阈值范围分别为80.8～2 256.6 mg·kg~(-1)和1 322.4～20 040.9 mg·kg~(-1);粪肥污染风险与阈值呈负相关,污染风险最高的猪粪,阈值最低,其Cu和Zn的阈值范围分别为80.8～163.2 mg·kg~(-1)和1 322.4～1 972.8 mg·kg~(-1)。     

甲醛和硫酸铜对半滑舌鳎的急性毒性试验

以半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther)为研究对象进行96h的急性毒性试验,探究甲醛和硫酸铜处理后半滑舌鳎的半数致死浓度(LC50)和安全浓度(SC)。实验结果表明,甲醛处理48h、96h后半滑舌鳎的LC50分别为375.68mg·L-1、351.74mg·L-1,SC为35.174mg·L-1;硫酸铜处理48h、96h后LC50分别为2.81mg·L-1、2.58mg·L-1,SC为0.258mg·L-1。     

基于斜率比法评定断奶仔猪对不同铜源的相对生物学利用率

本试验旨在研究不同铜源（硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜和柠檬酸铜）和铜添加水平（20和30 mg/kg）对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清铜含量与含铜酶活性以及组织铜含量的影响,探讨断奶仔猪对不同铜源的相对生物学利用率。试验采用3×2双因子随机区组设计,选取平均体重为（8.98±0.48） kg的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪112头,随机分为7组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头猪。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮（铜含量为7.80 mg/kg）,各试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加20或30 mg/kg硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜或柠檬酸铜（均以铜含量计）。试验预试期3 d,正试期28 d。结果表明：1）试验组与对照组断奶仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著差异（P>0.05）。2）饲粮铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪血清铜含量具有显著影响（P<0.05）,但对血清铜蓝蛋白和铜锌超氧化物歧化酶活性均无显著影响（P>0.05）。3）饲粮铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪肝脏铜含量具有显著影响（P<0.05）,但对心脏、肾脏、胰脏和跖骨铜含量均无显著影响（P>0.05）。4）根据多元线性回归斜率比法计算,以血清铜...