模拟城市SO2污染对晚松生理特性的影响

以2年生晚松盆栽苗为供试材料,从抗大气环境中SO₂污染方面对晚松的抗逆能力进行了定量评价,为晚松的园林应用提供理论依据。研究表明,晚松叶绿素a、b对模拟SO₂污染反应敏感,叶绿素b所受伤害大于叶绿素a,类胡萝卜素较不敏感。过氧化物酶活性的提高有助于减轻膜脂过氧化造成的伤害,从而使其在SO₂污染胁迫较轻(10 mmol/L)时免受伤害。     

SiO2纳米颗粒对杉木幼苗生长发育的影响

【目的】近年来,硅对于的植物影响受到人们广泛关注,人们试图将硅确定为植物生长发育的的“必要元素”。因此如何提高植物对硅的吸收利用来增加植物的农艺性状和产量,是当前农业和林业研究的一个重要课题。【方法】以黄枝杉Cunninghamia lanceolata和罗田垂枝杉C.lanceolata var.luotian为材料,采用盆栽的方式,研究施加不同浓度的纳米SiO2颗粒(0、1、2、4 g/盆)对杉木幼苗光合参数、叶绿素荧光、叶片厚度、氮磷钾含量及其分配、生物量累积的影响。【结果】本研究结果显示,SiO2纳米颗粒对杉木根系的生长发育有很大的促进作用,使之能更好的吸收养分,加强了氮磷钾含量的累积。且叶片的厚度也有所增加,在较低的浓度下,气孔导度、光合作用机制、以及光合作用效率增加;地上的生物量也随着施入SiO2纳米颗粒浓度的增加而增加。【结论】我们的实验表明,SiO2纳米颗粒通过促进根系发育加强对营养的吸收和提升叶片厚度,以及提高净光合速率和气孔导度来提高植物的生长机理,进而增加植物的生物量来提升产量。鉴于其对植物生长发育及产量的多种积极影响,硅纳米材料将会为农林植物增产有重要的影响和广阔的前景。     

基于连续统去除和偏最小二乘回归的油菜SPAD高光谱估算

【目的】探讨油菜叶绿素含量的高光谱估算方法,为实现油菜叶片叶绿素含量的高效、无损、大面积监测提供理论依据。【方法】以陕西省关中地区油菜叶片为研究对象,分别测定苗期、蕾薹期、开花期及角果期的叶片高光谱数据和SPAD值,提取各生育期连续统去除光谱和7类光谱吸收特征参数,分析原始光谱、连续统去除光谱、光谱吸收特征参数与SPAD值之间的相关关系,构建基于原始光谱特征波段、连续统去除光谱特征波段、光谱吸收特征参数的SPAD估算模型,并对模型精度进行验证。【结果】在可见光范围,光谱反射率由蕾薹期、开花期、苗期到角果期依次递增,最大吸收深度和吸收谷面积逐渐增大。利用连续统去除光谱特征波段与吸收特征参数,分别建立的油菜各生育期叶片SPAD估算模型均优于原始光谱。运用连续统去除光谱特征波段结合最优吸收特征参数构建的偏最小二乘回归估算模型,是进行油菜叶片SPAD估算的最优模型。【结论】连续统去除法对不同生育期油菜叶片叶绿素相对含量具有较好的预测能力,是估算油菜叶片SPAD值的一种实时高效方法。     

不同颜色薄膜覆盖对越橘光合特性的影响

以越橘品种"双丰"为试验材料,采用拱棚覆膜方式,设置白膜、绿膜、红膜、黄膜、蓝膜5个处理,研究不同颜色薄膜覆盖下越橘叶片叶绿素含量、光合日变化和光响应变化差异。结果表明,绿膜覆盖下越橘叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素a+b含量显著提高,蓝膜覆盖下叶绿素a和叶绿素a+b含量显著提高,不同颜色薄膜覆盖下越橘叶片中叶绿素a/b值无显著差异。不同颜色薄膜处理下越橘叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线均为"双峰型",最高峰值均出现在8:00,Pn数值排序为蓝膜白膜红膜黄膜绿膜,不同颜色薄膜处理下越橘叶片均在11:00出现光合午休现象。气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)总体变化趋势与Pn类似,而胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)则呈"W型"曲线。通过拟合光响应曲线可知,不同处理下越橘叶片光补偿点(LCP)均降低,其中红膜和绿膜降低幅度较大。蓝膜下光饱和点(LSP)增加,且最大净光合速率(Pn_(max))最高。结果表明,蓝膜覆盖促进越橘光合作用,生产中可通过覆盖蓝色薄膜或者补充蓝光方式使越橘光合效率最大化。红膜、黄膜和绿膜对光合作用有抑制作用,但红膜和绿膜有助于增强越橘对弱光的适应能力。     

Responses of aerobically grown iron chlorosis tolerant and susceptible rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to soil iron management in an Inceptisol

Iron deficiency is a serious nutritional disorder in aerobic rice, causing chlorosis, poor yields and reduced grain nutritional quality. The problem can be managed by complementing the use of Fe-efficient plant type with a suitable Fe management strategy. In the present paper, we report the effect of eight iron management practices to resolve the problem of iron (Fe) chlorosis through the use of an iron deficiency tolerant (IDTR) and iron deficiency susceptible (IDSR) rice genotype, i.e. Pusa 33 and ADT 39, respectively. Fe deficiency tolerance of these genotypes was related to the root release of PS which enabled a higher uptake of Fe in the IDTR than the IDSR under Fe deficiency. In general, IDTR performed better than the IDSR as evident from a significant increase in total iron, active iron, chlorophyll content and grain and straw yield. IDSR produced the highest grain and straw yield under slow iron release nano clay complex source. Grain Fe content of the IDTR and IDSR increased by 18.9 and 13.4%, respectively, under recommended dose of Fe. The results identified the most effective soil management strategies for the alleviating Fe deficiency chlorosis and improving Fe nutrition of both IDTR and IDSR genotypes.     

不同产量水平下夏玉米光合及耗水特性研究

【目的】通过控制施肥量来模拟夏玉米不同产量水平,了解不同产量下夏玉米光合及耗水特性变化,为田间用水管理、区域农业高效用水发展战略的制定提供理论依据。【方法】设置4个产量水平分别为9 000 kg/hm~2(C0),9 750 kg/hm~2(C5),10 500 kg/hm~2(C10),11 250 kg/hm~2(C15),以不施肥为对照(CK),研究不同产量下夏玉米穗位叶光合性能、叶绿素荧光及耗水量和水分利用效率变化。【结果】夏玉米拔节期、花前和花后的株高、叶面积指数、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均随目标产量的提高而增加,花前胞间CO2摩尔分数随产量的提高而增加,C15处理株高、叶面积指数、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2摩尔分数分别较CK平均增加25.5%、39.1%、42.1%、97.9%、79.8%、32.0%;夏玉米拔节期、花前和花后SPAD随目标产量提高,C15处理SPAD较CK平均增加17.9%,qP、ETR、Y(Ⅱ)在不同光照强度下为CKC0处理>C5处理>C10处理>C15处理;耗水量和水分利用效率随产量的提高而增加,土壤体积含水率降低,C15处理耗水量和水分利用效率较CK分别提高15.2%、14.1%,土壤体积含水率较C0处理降低11.0%。【结论】夏玉米较高的叶面积指数、生物量和耗水量是形成高产的重要原因,其中后期干物质的合成是产量形成的主要原因,因此应加强夏玉米生育后期田间用水管理。     

不同光源对4种蔬菜幼苗叶绿素荧光及生理指标的影响

为了解不同光源或光源组合对茄子、辣椒、番茄、黄瓜幼苗叶绿素荧光及生理指标的影响,在4种基本光源的基础上,比较了不同光源处理下不同蔬菜植株叶片的叶绿素荧光参数、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量。结果表明:红蓝光源不利于4种蔬菜幼苗叶片光合色素的形成,茄子、辣椒、番茄和黄瓜叶片中的光合色素含量分别在2白4红2黄、3白3红2黄、8黄或8红、8白光源下最高;茄子和番茄幼苗叶片在红蓝光源下,辣椒和黄瓜在3白3红2黄光源下,最大光化学效率和实际光化学效率都最大;茄子和辣椒幼苗在红蓝光源下所受非生物胁迫最小,叶片中可溶性蛋白含量最低,而番茄和黄瓜分别在3白3红2黄和8白光源下的可溶性蛋白含量最低;红蓝光源可明显增加4种蔬菜幼苗叶片的可溶性糖含量,对幼苗的形态建成有积极的影响。在冬春季蔬菜育苗生产中,可根据不同光源优势为不同种类蔬菜组配光源,以促进幼苗生长发育。     

Improvement in recruitment of Japanese sardine with delays of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the Sea of Japan

To evaluate the impact of temporal variation of primary productivity on the recruitment of Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) in the Sea of Japan, the phenology of sea surface phytoplankton abundance was estimated from 8 day multiple satellite (SeaWiFS, MODIS‐Aqua, MERIS, and VIIRS) derived sea surface chlorophyll (SSChl) a concentrations from January 1998 to December 2015. Because relationships between SSChl a and in situ chlorophyll a concentrations were significantly different among periods based on the satellite combinations used, maximum and minimum SSChl a concentrations of 1 year were relativized as 1 and 0, respectively. Spatio‐temporal variation of relativized SSChl a concentrations was determined by using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. Scores in the first EOF mode denoted the basin‐scale variations of SSChl a concentrations in the Sea of Japan, and the major peak from the end of February to the end of May displayed the spring bloom. The logarithm of recruitment per spawner (LNRPS) for sardine was positively affected by delays in the start and end dates of the spring phytoplankton bloom. The delay of the date of the lowest sea surface temperature contributed to the delay of the end of the spring bloom during the period 1998–2015 and elevated the LNRPS during the period 1982–2015. Sardine spawns in the southern Sea of Japan from April to May, hence, delays of the spring bloom prolonged its overlap with sardine larval periods, and thus improved the recruitment of Japanese sardine in the Sea of Japan.     

Growth and Physiological Performance of Aerobic and Lowland Rice as Affected by Water Stress at Selected Growth Stages

Aerobic rice technology is still new in Malaysia, and information regarding MARDI Aerob 1 (MA1), the first local aerobic rice variety, is still lacking. Therefore, comparative studies were carried out to determine the physiological performance of aerobic rice variety MA1 and lowland rice variety MR253 under water stress given at the panicle initiation, flowering and ripening stages. This experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design. Stomatal conductance (g_s), chlorophyll a fluorescence (F_v/F_m), leaf relative water content (leaf RWC), and soil moisture content (SMC) as well as yield component parameters such as panicle number, grain yield and 100-grain weight were measured. Results revealed that g_s and leaf RWC for both varieties decreased with depletion of SMC. The correlation study between the physiological parameters and SMC indicated that F_v/F_m was not affected by water stress, regardless of varieties. The yield components (panicle number, grain yield and 100-grain weight) for both varieties greatly decreased when water stress was imposed at the panicle initiation stage. This study showed that the panicle initiation period was the most sensitive stage to water stress that contributed to a substantial reduction in yield for both varieties. Under the aerobic condition (control), MR253 produced higher panicle number, 100-grain weight and yield than MA1. Although MR253 is bred for lowland, it is well adapted to aerobic condition.     

Effect of foliar boron application on boron,chlorophyll, phenol,sugars and hormones concentration of olive (Olea europaea L.) buds,leaves, and fruits

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different time and rates of boron (B) foliar application on olive (Olea europaea L.) tree's tissue boron concentration, total phenol, chlorophyll, total soluble sugars, and endogenous hormones. A field experiment was conducted during two successive seasons 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 using 20 years old olive trees cv. Frantoio. The trees are grown in sandy soil planted at 5 × 5 m apart under drip irrigation system at the Nuclear Research Center Experimental Farm, Inshas, El-Qaliubiya Governorate, Egypt. Boron was applied foliarly as boric acid at the following rates (0.0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 mg L^?1) at flower initiation and after 1 and 2 months from flower initiation. Results showed that boron was significantly effective in increasing leaf, bud, and fruit boron concentration. Total phenol concentration in leaves and buds were significantly highest in the control treatment, significantly decreased as the boron application rate increased. Total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b, and total soluble sugars significantly increased as the boron application rate increased and the highest increase was achieved at 200 mg L^?1 boron concentration rate. Leaf and bud endogenous indole acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were highest in the control treatment; they decreased as the boron application rate increased. However, gibberellic acid (GA₃) increased in response to boron treatments compared with the control. The maximum increase was observed at 200 mg L^?1 boron rate. We concluded that boron is mobile in olive tree as reproductive organs accumulated more boron than vegetative organs. There is evidence that boron is involved in reduction of phenols, increase in fruit set, and in sugar transport. A balance in endogenous hormones (IAA, GA, ABA) concentrations in olive tree has induced the maximum fruit set and yield.