Control of lettuce big-vein disease by application of fungicides and crop covers

One of the economically important diseases of lettuce is lettuce big-vein disease (LBVD), which leads to severe yield losses. LBVD is associated with a complex of two viruses, Lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV) and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MLBVV). These viruses are transmitted by motile zoospores of Olpidium spp. fungi, which persist in the soil for decades through resting spores. In greenhouse and field experiments, this study tested whether changing plant and soil temperatures together with fungicide application would have a significant effect on controlling LBVD in lettuce. Soil fumigation with metam sodium was not effective at controlling the disease, as opposed to treatment with chloropicrin and methyl bromide. Moreover, the fungicides carbendazim and fluazinam were effective in reducing the incidence of Olpidium virulentus. Nevertheless, control of the fungal vector did not seem to be sufficient to control the disease due to the transition ability of the virus under low vector abundance. Crop covers, which affect the favourable environmental conditions for the viruses by lowering soil temperature and raising air temperature, reduced the disease symptoms. Combining fungicides with crop cover had a synergistic effect on reducing disease symptoms, thus providing a sustainable solution for LBVD.     

Carbendazim sensitivity in populations of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex infecting strawberry and yams in Hubei Province of China

The ascomycete fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a devastating plant pathogen with a wide host range and worldwide distribution. Carbendazim has been widely used to control anthracnose caused by the C. gloeosporioides complex in China for more than 30 years and resistance to carbendazim has been reported in China. A total of 125 Colletotrichum isolates of strawberry and yam were collected from different geographical regions in Hubei Province, China. Approximately 52.8% of Colletotrichum spp. isolates showed resistance to carbendazim. The isolates tested in this study belong to four species, and the frequencies of resistant isolates differed across Colletotrichum species. Resistant isolates were found in C. siamense and C. fructicola. In contrast, all isolates of C. gloeosporioides and C. aenigma were sensitive to carbendazim. Highly carbendazim-resistant isolates harbored the E198 A mutation in the β-tubulin 2(TUB2) gene, whereas moderately carbendazim-resistant isolates harbored the F200 Y mutation in the TUB2 gene. Carbendazim-sensitive Colletotrichum isolates in this study were not genetically similar enough to form a separate cluster from resistant isolates. The result of this study emphasizes the importance of knowing which Colletotrichum sp. is present, when strategies for disease control are made.     

杀菌剂对沙打旺种子萌发和幼苗生长的短期影响

病害是导致沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)草地产量下降的主要原因之一。本研究用杀菌剂对沙打旺种子进行预处理,在培养皿和盆栽两种培养条件下模拟沙打旺种子在自然环境中受到不同病原真菌侵染后的萌发和生长状况,探讨杀菌剂预处理的作用和效果。结果表明,人工接种病原菌后,经杀菌剂处理的种子,其发芽率,植株的株高、根长和干重较无菌水处理种子显著提高(P0.05),而发病率、死亡率和平均病情指数则相应地显著降低(P0.05)。不同杀菌剂的防治效果有所不同,在多菌灵、代森锰锌和甲基托布津3种杀菌剂中,代森锰锌预处理防治效果最好。     

多菌灵·氟硅唑防治贡柑炭疽病田间药效试验

为评价复配药剂37%多菌灵·氟硅唑可湿性粉剂防治贡柑炭疽病的效果及其对贡柑的安全性,连续两年进行了37%多菌灵·氟硅唑可湿性粉剂防治贡柑炭疽病的田间药效试验。试验结果表明,37%多菌灵·氟硅唑可湿性粉剂有效成分用量148、185和246.7 mg/L对贡柑炭疽病有较好的防治效果,施药3次后10 d调查,2014年的防治效果分别为71.90%、79.48%和90.16%,2015年分别为65.09%、76.18%和87.36%,该药剂值得在生产上推广应用。     

农田尾菜发酵过程中农药残留变化特征

基于尾菜中存在农药残留的现状,以设施农业尾菜黄瓜秧为研究对象,采用气相色谱法和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测了尾菜黄瓜秧在静态好氧发酵过程中多菌灵、吡虫啉、哒螨灵等50种农药残留的动态变化,并分析发酵重要影响因子堆高对农药残留消解的影响。结果表明:在尾菜黄瓜秧中共检测出腐霉利、多菌灵、嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、烯酰吗啉、虫螨腈、吡虫啉、啶虫脒和哒螨灵9种农药残留,其中多菌灵平均残留量最高,达11.2 mg/kg,其他8种农药平均残留量在0.042~0.89 mg/kg之间。在发酵的24 d中,不同堆高条件下9种农药的消解规律均符合一级反应动力学方程,但不同农药半衰期差异较大,其中吡虫啉的平均半衰期最长,为28.9 d,多菌灵的平均半衰期最短,为10.2 d;不同堆高处理中农药的消解速率也有差异,总体上在2.5 m堆高下各农药的消解率最高、半衰期最短。本研究结果可为尾菜发酵参数优化、农业废弃物的高效资源化利用以及研发基于尾菜发酵产物的有机蔬菜专用有机肥提供理论支撑。     

小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵和咪鲜胺的敏感性

为了解湖北省小麦主产区的小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵和咪鲜胺的抗药性,对2014年分离获得的350株禾谷镰刀菌进行多菌灵和咪鲜胺的敏感性测定。结果表明:湖北省小麦赤霉病菌未出现对多菌灵和咪鲜胺的抗性菌株,多菌灵用于防治小麦赤霉病仍具有一定使用价值。咪鲜胺防治效果明显优于多菌灵,以咪鲜胺与多菌灵按1∶7比例复配后的防治效果最优。     

紫外-氯化锂复合诱变哈茨木霉产生多菌灵抗药性菌株的研究

多菌灵是植物病害防治中常用的化学杀菌剂,野生型哈茨木霉对多菌灵比较敏感。为了能够更好地将哈茨木霉菌应用于实践,本试验采用紫外线-氯化锂复合诱变的方法,实现哈茨木霉菌株对多菌灵的抗性改良。试验共获得315株正向突变菌株,其中hcb-35菌株抗性能力较强。利用毒力测定方法检测了多菌灵对hcb-35有效抑菌中浓度,及hcb-35对多菌灵的抗药遗传稳定性;并利用对峙试验及显微观察检测其抑菌能力。结果显示,与哈茨木霉出发菌株hc相比,多菌灵对哈茨木霉突变株hcb-35菌株的有效抑菌中浓度提升285%;连续转接12代后,hcb-35菌株抗药性相对稳定且抑菌效果较出发菌株无明显差异,表明应用紫外-氯化锂复合诱变哈茨木霉可以获得遗传稳定的耐多菌灵突变株。     

农药多菌灵的迁移转化规律研究

通过高效液相色谱法测定多菌灵的含量,初步探讨其挥发、水解、光解、分配这几种迁移转化途径,为合理利用农药、治理及控制农药对土壤等生态环境的污染提供指导。结果表明:多菌灵挥发作用不明显;p H值对多菌灵水解作用有影响,p H值为12时其水解率最大,达到0.16%,但总体上降解也不明显。采用太阳光、紫外灯、高压汞灯3种光源对多菌灵进行光降解,其中无氧化基团的情况下,太阳光基本不促进多菌灵降解,紫外灯下光解率达到3.73%,高压汞灯下达到4.96%;在有氧化基团时,无光照条件下降解率达到11.65%,太阳光下达到23.15%,紫外灯下达到61.61%,高压汞灯下达到94.97%,降解速率大小表现为高压汞灯紫外灯太阳光无光照,高于无氧化基团情况下的光降解。多菌灵的吸附率与土壤及腐植酸的含量呈正相关,在设置试验条件下分别可达到10.11%和90.89%。因此,光降解和土壤分配作用是多菌灵迁移转化的2种主要途径。     

四种农药在莼菜加工过程中的残留量变化

为了考察敌百虫、毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯和多菌灵4种农药在莼菜加工过程中的加工因子，从而优化莼菜的加工过程，分别模拟莼菜加工的清洗、杀青、护绿和储藏4个步骤，考察4种农药的加工因子，并分析每个步骤的相关因素对加工因子的影响。采用气相色谱-火焰光度检测器（GC-FPD）检测敌百虫和毒死蜱的含量，气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（GC-ECD）检测氯氰菊酯的含量，液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器（LC-DAD）检测多菌灵的含量。结果表明:随着清洗时间的增加，4种农药的加工因子逐渐变小，并在一定时间后趋于稳定；在供试的10 min内，杀青时间越长，4种农药的加工因子越小；护绿和储藏条件的改变对加工因子均无显著影响。综合考虑莼菜品质和农药残留两方面因素，建议莼菜清洗时间为30 min，在不影响莼菜品质的前提下尽量延长杀青时间。