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1.
花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides是防治多种蛀干害虫天牛的重要天敌,为了解决人工大量繁育花绒寄甲的技术问题,本文选用大麦虫Zophobas atratus蛹作为繁育花绒寄甲幼虫的替代寄主,利用配置的人工饲料饲喂成虫,在实验室中连续饲养4代花绒寄甲,统计分析所繁育出的每代花绒寄甲成虫的产卵量、产卵前期时长、雌雄性比、成虫体长和体宽、体质量、卵的孵化率以及其后代幼虫的寄生率等,分析人工饲料和替代寄主对室内连续多代繁育的花绒寄甲繁殖生物学的影响。结果表明:花绒寄甲成虫的体长、体宽、体质量随着室内饲养代数的增加而减小;花绒寄甲成虫的产卵前期随着饲养代数的增加而延长,但后一种情况通过在饲料中添加维生素可有效解决。随着室内饲养花绒寄甲代数的增加和人工繁育时间的延长,平均每头花绒寄甲雌虫的产卵量增加;使用替代寄主繁殖4代后出现成虫雌雄性比下降,不符合1:1的情况。室内饲养4代的花绒寄甲卵的孵化率和初孵幼虫的寄生率几乎没有影响。通过对各个繁殖生物学指标的比较发现,饲喂改良人工饲料的花绒寄甲成虫的产卵前期在饲养多代后能明显缩短;利用大麦虫蛹繁育出的花绒寄甲后代雄虫数量明显多于雌虫;相反,利用改良人工饲料与花绒寄甲原始寄主松褐天牛幼虫配合使用,繁育出的第2、3代雌虫数量明显多于雄虫,差异显著。综上所述,利用大麦虫作为替代寄主会导致花绒寄甲后代雌雄性比下降,但可以通过改进饲料配方和利用原寄主饲养,在室内饲养多代后对花绒寄甲繁殖生物学的各项指标影响不大。因此,利用大麦虫和人工饲料等饲养技术综合应用,能够在室内人工规模化繁育花绒寄甲。  相似文献   
2.
喻正旺  周忠新 《中国农业科学》2021,54(13):2895-2905
近年,越来越多的研究表明,中链脂肪酸(MCFAs)抵抗病原菌是哺乳动物先天防御系统的重要组成部分,而且MCFAs也能够诱导人、猪和鸡内源性防御肽的表达,MCFAs的这些新功能尚未引起重视。MCFAs还和饲用有机酸或饲用植物精油具有协同抗菌增效作用,可以减少这些活性物质的使用量。相比于长链脂肪酸,日粮中添加MCFAs能显著地提高动物机体内氧气消耗量和线粒体呼吸速率,但产生活性氧自由基少,特别适合幼龄动物肠代谢和肝代谢所需的快速能量供应特点。日粮添加低浓度MCFAs(0.1%—0.5%,质量比)能显著提高新生或断奶仔猪存活率、粗蛋白粗脂肪消化率、饲料转化率,调节肠道菌群和改善肠上皮结构,进而促进生长。基于MCFAs的上述功能,将MCFAs与饲用有机酸或植物精油复配制备成微囊颗粒,可能是其用于仔猪抗生素替代品的尚佳方式。  相似文献   
3.
鸡皮刺螨是一种吸血性外寄生虫,会引起鸡消瘦、贫血,并导致产蛋下降,造成巨大经济损失。为给科研提供可靠虫源,并对杀螨药物、疫苗以及其他防控手段进行效果评价,国内外学者进行了鸡皮刺螨实验室的人工饲养与繁殖技术研究。文章综述了国内外鸡皮刺螨实验室饲养与繁殖技术的研究进展,将其总结归纳为使用动物饲养繁殖技术与离体饲养繁殖技术两类,同时指出了各项技术在应用过程中存在的问题,为该技术的进一步完善与发展提供相关参考。  相似文献   
4.
Septoria leaf spot, caused by Septoria lycopersici, is considered one of the most important diseases of tomato in Brazil. Despite its importance, the disease agent is still poorly studied. Septoria isolates collected from different production regions of Brazil were characterized by molecular, morphological, and pathogenic methods. A set of 104 isolates was sequenced for the DNA Tub, Cal, and EF1-α loci. Ten isolates were selected, according to geographical region of origin and type of leaf lesion (typical or atypical), for morphological characterization and for evaluation of aggressiveness on tomato cultivar Santa Clara. To evaluate the pathogen host range, cultivated and wild Solanaceae plants were inoculated with four selected isolates. The results showed that all isolates grouped with the type isolate of S. lycopersici in maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference trees. The isolates were morphologically similar. All isolates selected for pathogenicity testing on tomato were able to induce typical symptoms of the disease, but differed in their aggressiveness. A total of eight species of Solanaceae were also identified as potential alternative hosts for S. lycopersici. This information will provide a more accurate assessment of the risks involved with the introduction of new crops, especially of the genus Solanum, in areas where the species is already present. In addition, it will provide the basis for the establishment of more efficient methods in the management of Septoria leaf spot of tomatoes in natural conditions and in the different production systems.  相似文献   
5.
Uromyces viciae-fabae, rust of faba bean, parasitizes other legume crops such as lentils (Lens culinaris) and field peas (Pisum sativum) in some environments. In this study we examined the host range of two Australian isolates of U. viciae-fabae collected and purified from a faba bean crop and classified as U. viciae-fabae ex V. faba. Field pea (P. sativum), chickpea (Cicer arientinum), lupin (Lupinus spp.), lentil (L. culinaris), and mung bean (Vigna radiata) genotypes were tested with these isolates, as well as resistant and susceptible genotypes of the faba bean host. Race specificity for these two pathogen isolates was observed on Vicia faba, with two faba bean genotypes showing partial resistance. Both U. viciae-fabae isolates also colonized field pea seedlings and successfully produced uredinia under glasshouse conditions, despite this fungus not being known as a pathogen of Australian field pea crops. No sporulation of either isolate of U. viciae-fabae ex V. faba was observed on any of the remaining legume species tested. However, obvious differences in fungal growth were observed, ranging from small infection sites with very rare haustorium formation in mung bean to more extensive growth and the development of potential uredinial structures in chickpea. These observations are discussed in relation to the phylogenetic relationship of these host and nonhost species.  相似文献   
6.
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is a plant virus that is mainly propagated by Bemisia tabaci in a semi-persistent and non-circulative manner.It has a wide range of host plants,and has been reported in many countries,causing serious economic losses in vegetable production.In 2019,we investigated about 10 fields,one ha each in Shouguang,Shandong province (China),and in each field we observed symptoms of interveinal chlorosis on lower leaves of the Solanum torvum Swartz,and a large number of B.tabaci gathered on the back of its leaves.To determine the presence of ToCV,total RNA of S.torvum was extracted followed by RT-PCR.The 1 074 (GenBank accessions number MN545620) and 466 bp (GenBank accessions number MN545621) fragments were gel purified and sequenced.The sequences shared 99.44% and 99.57% similarity with ToCV reference sequence tomato chlorosis virus segment RNA1 (AY903447) and RNA2 (AY903448).The results of insect transmission test confirmed that ToCV can spread from S. torvum to tomato.This study confirms S.torvum as a newly reported host of ToCV.  相似文献   
7.
 引起小麦叶锈病的小麦叶锈菌(Puccinia triticina)是转主寄生菌,其转主寄主主要为唐松草属(Thalictrum)种类,也包括扁果草属(Isopyrum), 牛舌草属(Anchusa), 铁线莲属(Clematis)和蓝蓟属(Echium)的个别种类。然而,迄今,中国仅有亚欧唐松草和瓣蕊唐松草被报道为小麦叶锈菌转主寄主。本文对采集于陕西的东亚唐松草(T. minus var. hypoleucum)、甘肃的贝加尔唐松草(T. baicalense),通过人工接种小麦叶锈菌确定它们是否能够作为小麦叶锈菌的转主寄主。同时,本文作者收集自然条件下贝加尔唐松草组织上受侵染产生的锈子器样品,通过其ITS区序列分析以确定小麦叶锈菌的有性循环是否在田间条件下发生。结果表明,小麦叶锈菌的担孢子均可侵染东亚唐松草和贝加尔唐松草,完成其性子器和锈子器阶段,产生的锈孢子可侵染感病小麦产生夏孢子堆,从而证实东亚唐松草和贝加尔唐松草均可作为小麦叶锈菌的转主寄主。来自贝加尔唐松草22个锈子器样品的ITS区序列比对,表明其与NCBI网上提交的小麦叶锈菌享有95%~96%的序列同源性。由此推测,自然条件下,中国小麦叶锈菌可能侵染感病唐松草完成有性循环。  相似文献   
8.
干湿交替灌溉和施氮量对水稻内源激素及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为探讨干湿交替灌溉与施氮水平对水稻根系内源激素水平及氮肥利用的影响,以连粳7号为材料,采用防雨棚土培试验,研究3个灌溉方式:浅水层灌溉、轻度干湿交替灌溉、重度干湿交替灌溉与3个氮肥水平(0、240和360 kg/hm2)对水稻根系内源激素(玉米素及玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)、生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA))、叶片氮代谢酶活性(硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT))、植株氮素累积量及氮肥利用效率的影响及其耦合效应。研究结果表明:在相同施氮水平下,轻度干湿交替灌溉促进根系Z+ZR、IAA合成,提高叶片中NR、GS及GOGAT活性,氮肥吸收利用率显著提高(P0.05);重度干湿交替灌溉则抑制根系Z+ZR、IAA合成,降低叶片NR、GS及GOGAT活性,植株氮素累积量及氮肥利用效率显著降低(P0.05),而根系ABA含量则明显增加(P0.05);在相同灌溉方式下,根系Z+ZR、IAA含量、叶片氮代谢酶活性及氮肥累积量在保持水层及轻度干湿交替下随着施氮量的增加而增加,而在重度干湿交替灌溉下则随着施氮量的增加先增加后降低,中氮处理明显提高氮肥利用效率(P0.05)。相关分析表明:根系合成的Z+ZR、IAA及叶片中氮代谢酶活性与氮肥吸收利用率呈显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)的正相关关系,而脱落酸含量则与氮肥吸收利用率呈极显著的负相关关系(P0.01)。根系合成的Z+ZR、IAA及叶片中氮代谢酶供氮效应为正效应,抽穗后,轻度干湿交替灌溉供水效应及耦合效应为正效应,而重度干湿交替灌溉则为负效应。该研究对探索水氮耦合机理,为水稻高产高效栽培实践提供理论及科学依据。  相似文献   
9.
【目的】旨在阐明全生育期干湿交替灌溉对抗旱性不同水稻品种产量的影响。【方法】以抗旱性差异显著的4个水稻品种(籼稻扬稻6号和两优培九,粳稻旱优8号和镇稻88)为材料,以常规水层灌溉(CI)为对照,在盆栽条件下研究了轻干湿交替灌溉(WMD)和重干湿交替灌溉(WSD)对水稻产量、根系、叶片及籽粒部分生理特性的影响。【结果】与CI相比,WMD处理下抗旱性较强品种扬稻6号和旱优8号产量分别提高6.90%和7.45%,抗旱性较弱品种两优培九和镇稻88产量分别降低7.28%和8.10%。WSD处理下,4个水稻品种的产量均显著下降,抗旱性较弱的品种产量降幅远高于抗旱性较强的水稻品种。WMD处理下,扬稻6号和旱优8号复水后根系氧化力、根系与叶片细胞分裂素(玉米素+玉米素核苷)含量、叶片光合速率和籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶的活性均较CI有不同程度提高,而两优培九和镇稻88上述指标则与CI持平或有不同程度降低。WSD处理下,4个品种上述指标均较CI不同程度降低。【结论】轻干湿交替灌溉条件下,根系活性强、叶片细胞分裂素含量和光合速率高、籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性强是抗旱性较强水稻品种的基本生理特征。  相似文献   
10.
Hyriopsis cumingii is one of the most important freshwater pearl mussels in China. Recently, this species can produce freshwater nucleated pearls of high quality. Here, we investigated whether nucleated pearl quality is influenced by the growth traits of the host mussel or other factors like cultivation period. We implanted host mussels with a spherical nucleus consisting of a small piece of mantle tissue from donor mussels. After 24 and 36 months of culture, host mussel growth traits including body weight and shell length, height, width and weight were recorded. These factors were then correlated with the quality traits of the pearls they produced, such as nacre thickness, size, weight, lustre and colour. Results indicated pearls obtained at 36 months after seeding were significantly larger in terms of nacre thickness, size and weight compared to those harvested at 24 months. In particular, nacre thickness (r = 0.33–0.48, = 0.00), pearl size (r = 0.39–0.43, = 0.00) and pearl weight (r = 0.35–0.47, = 0.00) were showed to be significantly correlated with host mussels shell length, body weight and shell weight at 24 or 36 months. Larger and heavier host mussels tended to produce bigger pearls. In contrast, host mussels did not affect pearl colour. Cumulatively, our results suggest that longer culturing times and a larger host mussel may help produce better quality nucleated pearl. This information can help guide selective breeding programs designed to improve pearl quality produced by H. cumingii.  相似文献   
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