西藏低温放线菌的多样性及其生物活性

【目的】研究西藏低温环境下放线菌的组成及其抑菌效果和酶活性,为放线菌新药物先导化合物和高活性酶的筛选提供资源。【方法】从西藏低温地区采集16份土样,用平板稀释法分离放线菌,经形态学和培养特征初步鉴定后得到有代表性的低温放线菌,对这些代表性菌株的16S rRNA基因序列进行系统发育分析,对其进行鉴定;采用菌丝生长速率法测定代表性低温放线菌菌株发酵液对11种农作物真菌的抑菌活性,并对其纤维素酶、蛋白酶、淀粉酶等活性进行测定。【结果】从16份土样中共分离到22株有代表性的低温放线菌,其在10~25℃均能生长。16S rRNA基因序列分析表明,这22株菌分布于放线菌门放线菌纲2个亚目3个科的3个属,即链霉菌亚目(Streptomycineae)链霉菌科(Streptomycetaceae)链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、假诺卡氏亚目(Pseudonocardineae)束丝放线菌科(Actinosynnemataceae)伦茨氏菌属(Lentzea)和假诺卡氏亚目(Pseudonocardineae)假诺卡氏菌科(Pseudonocardiaceae)拟无支酸菌属(Amycolatopsis),其中以链霉菌属最多,占分离菌的91%。在分离的22株代表性低温放线菌菌株中,27.3%的菌株有抑菌活性;40.9%的菌株具有纤维素酶活性,22.7%的菌株具有淀粉酶活性,18.2%的菌株具有蛋白酶活性。【结论】西藏低温生境中蕴藏着丰富的低温放线菌资源,其中一些菌株具有拮抗活性和酶活性。     

Diazaquinomycins E–G,Novel Diaza-Anthracene Analogs from a Marine-Derived Streptomyces sp.

As part of our program to identify novel secondary metabolites that target drug-resistant ovarian cancers, a screening of our aquatic-derived actinomycete fraction library against a cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell line (OVCAR5) led to the isolation of novel diaza-anthracene antibiotic diazaquinomycin E (DAQE; 1), the isomeric mixture of diazaquinomycin F (DAQF; 2) and diazaquinomycin G (DAQG; 3), and known analog diazaquinomycin A (DAQA; 4). The structures of DAQF and DAQG were solved through deconvolution of X-Ray diffraction data of their corresponding co-crystal. DAQE and DAQA exhibited moderate LC₅₀ values against OVCAR5 of 9.0 and 8.8 μM, respectively. At lethal concentrations of DAQA, evidence of DNA damage was observed via induction of apoptosis through cleaved-PARP. Herein, we will discuss the isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activity of these secondary metabolites.     

根结线虫拮抗放线菌的筛选及菌株HA10002的鉴定与活性物质分析

为了筛选获得对根结线虫具有拮抗能力的强活性放线菌菌株,并从菌株中发现新的杀线虫活性化合物,从海南东寨港红树林采集海泥样品9份,从五指山原始森林等地采集土壤样品51份,用平板稀释法对海泥和土壤样品进行分离;以南方根结线虫2龄幼虫为靶标线虫,采用24孔细胞培养板液体线虫法进行初筛和复筛;根据形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列对复筛出的活性菌株进行鉴定;菌株发酵液经溶媒萃取、硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH 20凝胶过滤和制备薄层板层析,采用活性跟踪法从中分离纯化杀线虫活性化合物;化合物经光谱及波谱分析和文献对照,进行结构鉴定。从60份样品中分离得到356株菌落形态有差异的放线菌。初筛得到16株对根结线虫校正死亡率在80%以上的菌株,复筛获得3株线虫校正死亡率在95%以上的菌株,其中分离自海泥样品中的菌株HA10002抗线虫活性最强,发酵原液的校正死亡率达100%。HA10002经鉴定为白浅灰链霉菌,从其发酵液中分离获得2个活性化合物,其中A26 3为Nocardamine,A22 1的结构正在进一步鉴定中。上述结果表明,筛选出的放线菌HA10002能合成2种以上杀根结线虫的活性代谢产物,是一株遗传稳定且具有开发潜力的活性菌株。     

Anti-Mycobacterial Nucleoside Antibiotics from a Marine-Derived Streptomyces sp. TPU1236A

Five new nucleoside antibiotics, named streptcytosines A–E (1–5), and six known compounds, de-amosaminyl-cytosamine (6), plicacetin (7), bamicetin (8), amicetin (9), collismycin B (10), and SF2738 C (11), were isolated from a culture broth of Streptomyces sp. TPU1236A collected in Okinawa, Japan. The structures of new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic data (HRFABMS, IR, UV, and 2D NMR experiments including ¹H-¹H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY spectra). Streptcytosine A (1) belonged to the amicetin group antibiotics, and streptcytosines B–E (2–5) were derivatives of de-amosaminyl-cytosamine (6), 2,3,6-trideoxyglucopyranosyl cytosine. Compound 1 inhibited the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis (MIC = 32 µg/mL), while compounds 2–5 were not active at 50 µg/disc. Bamicetin (8) and amicetin (9) showed the MICs of 16 and 8 µg/mL, respectively.     

Biosynthetic Modularity Rules in the Bisintercalator Family of Antitumor Compounds

Diverse actinomycetes produce a family of structurally and biosynthetically related non-ribosomal peptide compounds which belong to the chromodepsipeptide family. These compounds act as bisintercalators into the DNA helix. They give rise to antitumor, antiparasitic, antibacterial and antiviral bioactivities. These compounds show a high degree of conserved modularity (chromophores, number and type of amino acids). This modularity and their high sequence similarities at the genetic level imply a common biosynthetic origin for these pathways. Here, we describe insights about rules governing this modular biosynthesis, taking advantage of the fact that nowadays five of these gene clusters have been made public (thiocoraline, triostin, SW-163 and echinomycin/quinomycin). This modularity has potential application for designing and producing novel genetic engineered derivatives, as well as for developing new chemical synthesis strategies. These would facilitate their clinical development.     

降解秸秆的细菌和放线菌的分离与筛选

用秸秆粉部分代替LB、高氏培养基中的碳源,通过延长培养时间从土样中分别富集降解秸秆的细菌、放线菌,用稀释倒平皿挑取单菌落法通过菌落形态差异分离出细菌29株、放线菌29株。用秸秆粉培养基定性鉴别法鉴别出其中有8株细菌、10株放线菌能降解秸秆。测试了硝酸铵、酵母粉和土壤浸液等添加物对能降解秸秆的细菌和放线菌在秸秆粉培养基上生长的影响。结果表明,酵母粉对细菌的生长具有明显促进作用,其他添加物对供试菌的生长影响较小。     

6株野生植物内生放线菌防病促生作用的初步研究

为了寻找具有内生习性的植病生防放线菌,从采自秦岭的14种野生植物中分离得到29株内生放线菌,对其进行了皿内拮抗试验、发酵液抑菌试验和温室防病促生试验。结果发现,有6株菌表现出显著的抑菌活性,其中菌株SF1对粉红聚端孢、SF4对苹果炭疽菌、SF20对灰葡萄孢均有较强的抑制作用;菌株SG2的代谢产物具有很高的抑菌活性,其发酵滤液对茄链格孢的抑菌圈直径达到35 mm;菌株SG2对温室番茄早疫病的防治效果达到89.72%,菌株SF4对黄瓜白粉病的温室防效达到89.61%,菌株SF20对番茄和黄瓜具有明显的促生作用。可见,从野生植物中分离具有内生习性和抑菌作用的放线菌,直接用于生物防治是可行的。     

云南榧内生放线菌FTY2的分子鉴定及其抑菌活性

为探明菌株FTY2的分类地位及其发酵液的抑菌活性,采用改进的CTAB法和抑制菌丝生长速率法对从云南榧新鲜茎叶上分离得到的1株内生放线菌FTY2进行分子鉴定及其发酵液的抑菌活性研究。结果表明:FTY2初步鉴定为链霉菌属(Streptomyces sp.)放线菌,其发酵液对小麦雪腐病菌、油菜菌核病菌、淡色生赤壳菌、腐皮镰刀菌、尖孢炭疽菌和水稻稻瘟病菌等6株植物病原真菌的EC50分别为5.90mL/L、9.48mL/L、11.56mL/L、227.19mL/L、12.35mL/L和61.87mL/L;在121℃下处理30min后,对尖孢炭疽菌的抑菌活性开始大幅下降,抑制率从93.79%(4℃)降至26.73%(121℃);不同pH处理发酵液的抑菌率基本不变,均达92%以上。     

花生白绢病互作研究进展

花生白绢病是由齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.引起的发生在花生茎基部的真菌病害,严重制约花生的品质与产量。本研究利用稀释涂布法从怀牛膝根际土壤中分离纯化了116株放线菌,并从中筛选鉴定了能够防控花生白绢病的菌株。通过平板对峙试验筛选得到两株抑菌活性较好且稳定的菌株Soil-1-5和Soil-3-28,它们对齐整小核菌的抑制率分别为80.43%和92.34%。根据形态学观察、生理生化试验及16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定,两株菌分别被鉴定为疮痂链霉菌Streptomyces scabiei和藤黄灰链霉菌Streptomyces luteogriseus。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了拮抗菌株无菌发酵滤液对植物病原菌的抑制作用。结果表明,菌株Soil-1-5和Soil-3-28的无菌发酵滤液稀释5倍后对齐整小核菌的抑制率分别为73.67%和57.11%,且对禾谷镰孢菌等6种植物病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用。此外,两菌株的无菌发酵滤液对齐整小核菌菌核萌发和菌核形成也有较好拮抗作用。盆栽试验结果表明,菌株Soil-1-5和Soil-3-28对花生白绢病的防治效果分别为51.92%和31.74%,其中菌株Soil-3-28对花生生长有促进作用。综上,菌株Soil-1-5和Soil-3-28对花生白绢病有较好的防治效果,具有潜在应用价值。

     

海洋弗氏链霉菌HNM0089抗真菌活性成分研究

为了从海洋微生物中寻找农药先导化合物,本研究通过16S rRNA基因序列分析对具有抗真菌活性的海洋放线菌HNM0089的种属进行鉴定,并对其抗真菌的活性成分进行研究。结果表明:海洋放线菌HNM0089被鉴定为弗氏链霉菌(Streptomyces fradiae)。利用高分辨质谱、一维和二维核磁波谱技术,将其主要活性成分鉴定为星形孢菌素(Staurosporine)。该化合物对芒果炭疽病菌、水稻稻瘟病菌、香蕉枯萎病菌、薯蓣炭疽病菌和橡胶炭疽病菌均有抑制活性,具有开发成农用抗菌素的潜力。