木薯不同品种朱砂叶螨抗性与其叶片内含物的关系

为揭示木薯抗朱砂叶螨机理,以2个木薯品种‘新选048’和‘桂热4号’为材料,在朱砂叶螨发生危害时期,观察不同木薯品种受害程度并对其抗螨性进行鉴定,测定叶片单宁、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸及叶绿素的含量,分析各生理指标与朱砂叶螨危害程度的关系。结果表明,‘新选048’对朱砂叶螨的抗性优于‘桂热4号’。不同木薯品种,叶片单宁、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸及叶绿素含量不同;‘新选048’叶片单宁及叶绿素含量均高于‘桂热4号’,而可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量则反之;螨害指数与单宁含量、叶绿素含量呈极显著负相关,与可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量呈极显著正相关。木薯抗螨性与叶片中的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸、单宁、叶绿素含量密切相关,这些指标可作为木薯对朱砂叶螨抗性评价的主要指标。     

Linking small pelagic fish and cetacean distribution to model suitable habitat for coastal dolphin species,Delphinus delphis and Tursiops truncatus,in the Greek Seas (Eastern Mediterranean)

1. A large‐scale assessment of the summertime suitable habitat for Delphinus delphis (short‐beaked common dolphin) and Tursiops truncatus (common bottlenose dolphin) in Greek Seas (Eastern Mediterranean) was conducted using data from dedicated and opportunistic cetacean surveys and published data records.
2. Using a presence/absence approach, generalized additive models were applied to define a suite of environmental, bathymetric and biotic factors that best describe common and bottlenose dolphin spatial distribution, during early (May, June, July) and late (August, September) summer.
3. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to integrate sightings data with environmental characteristics, distance from the coast and sardine probability of presence. These variables were considered as good proxies for defining species‐suitable habitat within the study area's coastal environment.
4. The final selected models were used to produce annual probability maps of the presence of the species in the entire Greek Seas, as a measure of habitat suitability. Based on the mean probability and standard deviation maps for the study period GIS techniques were subsequently used to determine the persistent (areas with high mean and low variation) and occasional (high mean and high variation) habitat of each species.
5. Results showed that there was a high probability of common dolphin presence in areas with a high probability of sardine presence. For bottlenose dolphin, higher probability of the presence of species occurred in areas closer to the shore, with a high probability of sardine presence and with high concentrations of chlorophyll‐a.
6. In both seasons, the North Aegean Sea and the Inner Ionian Sea Archipelago were indicated as the most suitable areas for common dolphin distribution. Persistent habitat areas of the bottlenose dolphin included enclosed seas, continental shelf waters, and waters surrounding islands. The indicated suitable areas are discussed along with deficiencies of the models and future implications for conservation.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

截形叶螨危害下枣叶片叶绿素含量高光谱估算模型

以不同截形叶螨(Tetranychus truncatus Ehara)危害等级下枣叶片高光谱和叶绿素含量数据为基础,分析不同截形叶螨危害等级(0级、1级、2级、3级、4级)下枣叶片高光谱特征,构建基于一阶微分光谱的不同截形叶螨危害等级枣叶片叶绿素含量高光谱线性回归估测模型。结果表明:截形叶螨危害造成叶片中叶绿素含量减少,导致光谱反射率降低,表现为随危害等级的增加叶绿素含量呈逐级减少趋势。在不同截形叶螨危害等级枣叶片叶绿素估测模型中,危害等级为0级时,模型拟合度最好,达到0.810,表明利用高光谱数据构建不同危害等级枣叶片叶绿素含量估算模型具有一定的潜力,对危害植被叶片的虫害诊断意义重大。     

用自助法统计推断炔螨特对桑树朱砂叶螨的防治效果

采用自助法(Bootstrap method)对炔螨特(propargite)防治桑树朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)的效果进行了统计推断。将4个试验点获得的田间防治效果数据进行平方根反正弦转换后,采用1000次自助法再抽样并作统计分析。结果表明,73%炔螨特乳油243．33mg/L有效质量浓度处理的第1、3、7天,田间防治效果的点估计分别为78．37%、86．03%和86．36%,置信区间估计依次为78．21%～78．52%、85．83%～86．24%和86．16%～86．55%;365．00mg/L处理的第1、3、7天,田间防治效果的点估计分别为88．14%、91．90%和91．23%,置信区间估计依次为88．01%～88．27%、91．78%～92．02%和91．09%～91．38%;486．67mg/L处理第1、3、7天,田间防治效果的点估计分别为92．82%、95．70%和95．11%,相应的置信区间估计依次为92．72%～92．93%、95．64%～95．76%和95．01%～95．20%。以上述的点估计为测试点,对各浓度处理后的不同天数的防治效果进行游程检测(Monte carlo Sig方法),随机性显著(p＞0．05)。通过Tamhane方法、Dunnett T3方法和Games-Howell方法对上述各处理的不同天数后的防治效果进行统计检测表明：炔螨特对桑园中朱砂叶螨的防治效果在防治后第3天达到高峰(p＞0．05),至第7天,243．33mg/L处理区的防治效果持平(p＜0．0000);而365．00和486．67mg/L处理区的防治效果呈下降趋势(p＞0．05)。以上统计推断结果显示：73%炔螨特乳油对桑树朱砂叶螨具有较好的田间防治效果,推荐使用的有效质量浓度为243．33mg/L。     

桑园害虫朱砂叶螨的研究进展

朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinusBoisduval)是多食性主要农业害螨之一,与二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticaeKoch)是近似种,寄主包括桑树在内的100多种植物。该螨可行孤雌生殖,由于被一类细胞质遗传的细菌Wolbachia寄生,种群雌雄比例严重偏斜。该螨个体小、发育快,对化学杀螨(虫)剂极易产生抗药性,故防治困难,而且桑园化学防治又危及家蚕的安全。对朱砂叶螨的分类、形态、行为、生态和防治学等方面的研究进展进行了综述,旨在对桑园朱砂叶螨的防治研究有所启迪。     

蒜和葱上二斑叶螨的发生为害及其抗药性监测

二斑叶螨寄主植物范围极广, 但其对百合科蔬菜造成危害的研究报道极少?本研究采集了来自北京海淀百合科蔬菜蒜和葱上的2个二斑叶螨种群, 生物测定结果显示, 2个种群对阿维菌素呈现出极高水平抗性, 对哒螨灵为中等以上抗性(LC50>5 000 mg/L), 对新型药剂联苯肼酯?虫螨腈和腈吡螨酯也表现出中等到高水平抗性?抗性基因突变频率检测发现, 与阿维菌素抗性相关基因G314D和G326E位点以及和哒螨灵抗性相关基因H92R位点的突变频率均高达100%, 为纯合抗性种群?因此, 本研究所测试的2个二斑叶螨种群对阿维菌素和哒螨灵单剂的敏感性极低, 需慎重选用这2种药剂, 而3种新型杀螨剂联苯肼酯?虫螨腈和腈吡螨酯在田间需轮换使用?     

草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食作用

为明确草栖钝绥螨Amblyseius herbicolus对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的控制潜能,在温度分别为19、22、25、28和31℃、相对湿度均为（85±5）%、光周期均为16 L∶8 D条件下测定草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食偏好性、捕食功能反应及自身干扰反应。结果表明,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨幼螨和第1若螨具有嗜食性,对其捕食选择系数分别为2.22和1.27,均大于1.00,对二斑叶螨卵、第2若螨和雌成螨捕食选择系数分别为0.61、0.68和0.22,均小于1.00。在不同温度条件下,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型;在19～31℃范围内,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的瞬时攻击率、最大日捕食量和捕食能力均随着温度升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,在28℃时达到最大值;而草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的处理时间随着温度升高呈先缩短后延迟的趋势,在28℃下处理时间最短。在相同温度下,草栖钝绥螨对二斑叶螨卵、幼螨和第1若螨的捕食作用较强。在有限的捕食空间和二斑叶螨密度固定的条件下,草栖钝绥螨单头捕食量和捕食作用率随其自身密度的增加而逐渐下降,说...