链霉菌和壳聚糖对淮山土壤微生物活性与群落的影响

为探究链霉菌30702和壳聚糖对淮山土壤微生物活性与群落的影响,采用比色法和滴定法观测土壤酶活性的变化,采用高通量测序技术和Trimmomatic等软件,分析土壤微生物群落中细菌和真菌的发展变化。结果表明,链霉菌、壳聚糖、土壤原始微生物和培养时间等4个因素对淮山土壤的脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性均有显著影响,壳聚糖浓度在0~10.0 g/kg内,土壤酶活性随壳聚糖浓度的增大而提高;随时间的延长,先升再降;壳聚糖与链霉菌之间存在交互效应。链霉菌和壳聚糖能增加淮山土壤细菌的物种丰度,减少细菌的多样性,增加艾德昂菌属（Ideonella）和纤维弧菌（Cellvibrio）等有益菌属的相对丰度,而对真菌的物种丰度和多样性的影响较小,与对照之间的差异不显著,土壤优势菌属为腐质霉属（Humicola）、枝孢属（Cladosporium）、鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）和uncultured_bacterium_ c_Subgroup_6。其中,链霉菌与2.5 g/kg壳聚糖复合处理的细菌物种丰度最大,细菌多样性最少。     

烟草青枯病生防菌的筛选及其田间防效评价

为筛选出对烟草青枯病有效防治的生防菌,通过稀释涂布法从烟株根际土壤分离到一株具有明显拮抗作用的菌株69-1,经16S rDNA鉴定该菌株为壮观链霉菌(Streptomyces spectabilis),并用该菌株进行烟草青枯病田间防治试验。结果表明,与对照相比,经菌株69-1处理烟株茎围、有效叶片数、最大叶宽、最大叶长、上中下部烟叶单叶干重、最大叶面积、产量均显著增加,且对烟草青枯病的相对防效达60.42%,同时对不同处理组的初烤烟叶进行化学成分的检测分析,发现菌株69-1处理相对于对照组烟叶品质更佳。该菌株菌剂处理不仅可以提高烟株对烟草青枯病的防效,而且还提高烟叶品质和产量,可为烟草青枯病生物防治提供一定参考。     

Enzyme Bioprospection of Marine-Derived Actinobacteria from the Chilean Coast and New Insight in the Mechanism of Keratin Degradation in Streptomyces sp. G11C

Marine actinobacteria are viewed as a promising source of enzymes with potential technological applications. They contribute to the turnover of complex biopolymers, such as pectin, lignocellulose, chitin, and keratin, being able to secrete a wide variety of extracellular enzymes. Among these, keratinases are a valuable alternative for recycling keratin-rich waste, which is generated in large quantities by the poultry industry. In this work, we explored the biocatalytic potential of 75 marine-derived actinobacterial strains, focusing mainly on the search for keratinases. A major part of the strains secreted industrially important enzymes, such as proteases, lipases, cellulases, amylases, and keratinases. Among these, we identified two streptomycete strains that presented great potential for recycling keratin wastes—Streptomyces sp. CHA1 and Streptomyces sp. G11C. Substrate concentration, incubation temperature, and, to a lesser extent, inoculum size were found to be important parameters that influenced the production of keratinolytic enzymes in both strains. In addition, proteomic analysis of culture broths from Streptomyces sp. G11C on turkey feathers showed a high abundance and diversity of peptidases, belonging mainly to the serine and metallo-superfamilies. Two proteases from families S08 and M06 were highly expressed. These results contributed to elucidate the mechanism of keratin degradation mediated by streptomycetes.     

菌剂与钾肥配施对连作魔芋生长、生理代谢和发病率的影响

以安康当地花魔芋为材料进行盆栽试验，研究娄彻氏链霉菌（Streptomyces rochei）菌剂D74与钾肥配施对连作魔芋生物学性状、块茎产量、叶绿素含量、活性氧代谢、渗透调节物质含量及软腐病的影响，为魔芋连作障碍微生物-化学双重修复提供理论依据。结果表明：菌剂与钾肥配施对连作魔芋具有一定的促生防病作用，使魔芋单株块茎鲜质量和生长系数分别较对照显著增加86.7%和85.9%，软腐病病情指数降低 33.0%。配施处理中，钾肥和菌剂分别在促进魔芋块茎膨大和抑制软腐病方面发挥主导作用。菌剂与钾肥配施促进魔芋叶片叶绿素的合成，其叶绿素a及叶绿素(a+b)含量分别较对照显著增加51.0%及34.6%，同时叶绿素a/b及叶绿素(a+b)/类胡萝卜素比值分别提高41.8%及22.2%。配施的菌剂效应对叶绿素合成的促进作用占主导地位。菌剂与钾肥配施显著提高魔芋的诱导抗性，其叶片过氧化物酶活性、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量分别为对照的3.1倍、2.9倍和2.2倍。采用主成分分析法对魔芋相关19个生理生化指标分析得出特征值、贡献率、累积贡献率和主成分载荷矩阵，提取3个主成分（叶绿素b、叶幅和相对防效）综合评价菌剂与钾肥配施对魔芋连作障碍的修复效果。不同施肥处理综合得分高低顺序为：菌剂与钾肥配施>单施钾肥>单施菌剂>不施肥对照。综上所述，娄彻氏链霉菌菌剂D74与钾肥配施能提高连作魔芋产量并降低植株发病率，有效缓解连作障碍。     

番茄叶霉病菌拮抗链霉菌BPS2发酵条件的研究

(1吉林省农业科学院，公主岭 136100；2东北农业大学资源与环境学院，哈尔滨 150030； 3吉林农业大学农学院，长春 130118)     

Temporal association of potato tuber development with susceptibility to common scab and Streptomyces scabiei‐induced responses in the potato periderm

Using hydroponics and novel non‐destructive pot culture systems which enable inoculation at specific tuber development stages, the dynamics of common scab infection patterns in potato were studied in order to provide more precise identification of tuber physiological factors associated with susceptibility. At the whole‐tuber level, infection percentages were greatest when Streptomyces scabiei inoculation occurred early; at 2 weeks after tuberization (WAT) 68% of tubers became infected, contrasting with late inoculation (8 WAT), when only 4% infection occurred. The first‐formed internodes were most susceptible to infection, whilst later‐forming and slower‐expanding internodes were less susceptible. Detailed tuber physiological examination of internode 2 showed that pathogen‐induced changes, including increased phellem (periderm) thickness, cell layers and phellem suberization (key physiological features believed critical to S. scabiei infection) were promoted through S. scabiei inoculation. Sequential harvesting showed enhanced phellem suberization (28% greater than the control) within 7 days of pathogen exposure, while phellem thickness and layer responses were also initiated early in the infection process (10–14 days after pathogen exposure) and these responses were independent of symptom expression. Differences in cultivar response were observed, with greater phellem suberization observed 10 days after tuberization (DAT) in the common‐scab‐tolerant cv. Russet Burbank than in the susceptible cv. Desiree. Likewise, Russet Burbank had thicker and more numerous cell layers in the phellem (up to eight cell layers) during early tuber growth (20–30 DAT) than Desiree (up to six cell layers).     

丰加霉素对黄瓜立枯丝核菌的拮抗作用

采用菌丝生长速率法和盆栽试验法,研究了淀粉酶产色链霉菌Streptomyces diastatochromogenes胞外代谢产物丰加霉素（toyocamycin）对黄瓜立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani的拮抗作用。结果表明：丰加霉素对立枯丝核菌菌丝生长和菌核形成有明显的抑制作用,抑制菌丝生长的EC50值为1.67mg.L-1,浓度为2.20mg.L-1时能完全抑制菌核形成。盆栽试验结果表明,丰加霉素对黄瓜苗立枯病有明显的保护和治疗作用。喷施19.54mg.L-1丰加霉素14d后,对黄瓜苗立枯病的治疗效果为71.91%,显著高于对照霉灵1000倍液的治疗效果（35.83%）;喷施19.54mg.L-1丰加霉素14d后,预防效果为51.06%,与对照无显著差异。施药后21d和14d的治疗效果和保护效果均相当;同时19.54mg.L-1和9.77mg.L-1的丰加霉素对黄瓜立枯病的作用效果相当。     

暗黑链霉菌PY-1活性产物分析及其对葡萄霜霉病田间防效评价

为探究暗黑链霉菌Streptomyces atratus PY-1对葡萄霜霉病菌Plasomopara viticola的抑制作用,通过扫描电镜观察PY-1发酵滤液对葡萄霜霉病菌孢子囊的影响,检测PY-1的活性物质种类,并测定其对葡萄霜霉病的田间防效。结果表明,PY-1发酵滤液能够导致葡萄霜霉病菌孢子囊和孢子囊梗出现褶皱、破裂和畸形,进而使其丧失侵染功能。PY-1菌株代谢产物中包含几丁质酶、蛋白酶、嗜铁素、1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶、氰化氢、吲哚乙酸,不含纤维素酶。PY-1菌株对葡萄霜霉病具有较好的田间防效,发酵原液对葡萄霜霉病的田间中期防效可达到89.17%以上,末期防效达86.28%以上,比52.5%噁唑菌酮·霜脲氰2 000倍液的防效略低,但显著高于58%甲霜·锰锌1 000倍液的防效;PY-1菌株发酵液稀释700倍后对葡萄霜霉病的末期防效与甲霜锰锌1 000倍液防效相当。表明PY-1菌株具有研制防治葡萄霜霉病生防制剂的潜力。     

玉米茎腐病拮抗放线菌的筛选及抑菌促生活性鉴定

以禾谷镰孢菌为靶标,采用稀释培养法和平板对峙法从采集的玉米连作土壤中分离筛选出具有拮抗活性的放线菌菌株,选取1株拮抗效果最佳的菌株进行形态学、生理生化特征和系统发育分析,并对其进行抑菌活性试验,挖掘对玉米茎腐病致病菌-禾谷镰孢（Fusarium graminearum）有较高拮抗效果的根际促生菌资源。结果表明,玉米连作土壤中分离得到5株禾谷镰孢菌拮抗菌株,其中菌株G1为高效拮抗菌株。经形态学、生理生化结合16S rDNA将菌株鉴定为公牛链霉菌（Streptomyces tauricus）。拮抗菌株G1发酵液对禾谷镰孢的菌丝生长和孢子萌发均有明显的抑制作用,具有分泌吲哚乙酸和异羟肟酸型铁载体的能力。公牛链霉菌G1在由禾谷镰孢病菌引起的玉米茎腐病防治中具有良好的应用开发潜力。     

海洋弗氏链霉菌HNM0089抗真菌活性成分研究

为了从海洋微生物中寻找农药先导化合物,本研究通过16S rRNA基因序列分析对具有抗真菌活性的海洋放线菌HNM0089的种属进行鉴定,并对其抗真菌的活性成分进行研究。结果表明:海洋放线菌HNM0089被鉴定为弗氏链霉菌(Streptomyces fradiae)。利用高分辨质谱、一维和二维核磁波谱技术,将其主要活性成分鉴定为星形孢菌素(Staurosporine)。该化合物对芒果炭疽病菌、水稻稻瘟病菌、香蕉枯萎病菌、薯蓣炭疽病菌和橡胶炭疽病菌均有抑制活性,具有开发成农用抗菌素的潜力。