新疆南部农区鼠害调查与成因分析

南疆农区鼠害严重,但基础资料不足。为摸清当地鼠害发生特点,提供有效治理依据,本研究于2018年-2019年在南疆5地州39乡64村开展实地与问卷调查,并采用夹捕法调查害鼠种群构成。结果表明,南疆5地州农村普遍遭受鼠害影响,喀什与和田地区农田受害比例达89.4%,问卷结果表明农户和农田鼠害发生率均大于75%,且西部地区重于东部,约一半受访农户估计每年因鼠害损失超过500元。褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus是农户主要害鼠,占比超过70%;农田则以小家鼠Mus musculus和乌拉尔姬鼠Apodemus uralensis为主。这些结果表明,南疆农区鼠害处于重发态势,褐家鼠是主要鼠害来源,并有外来入侵风险。下一步应聚焦于监测主要害鼠种群动态规律,阐明褐家鼠来源和侵入机制,并探索建立适于当地的害鼠防治模式。     

黄帚橐吾乙醇提取物对小鼠的急性毒性试验

黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)是一种在甘南草原上广泛分布的毒杂草,但同时其乙醇提取物有很强的生物农药活性,具备开发成为生物农药的潜力。本研究通过昆明小鼠(Mus musculus)的经皮、经口急性毒性试验对黄帚橐吾乙醇提取物的安全性进行评估。结果显示,黄帚橐吾乙醇提取物对小鼠的经皮急性毒性半致死剂量LD5030g·kg-1,经口急性毒性LD50为6.983 1g·kg-1,均符合低毒农药登记的毒性标准,可以按照低毒农药进行开发应用。     

新疆小家鼠控制区序列分析

[目的]研究新疆地区小家鼠控制区的序列多样性。[方法]对14只来自新疆于田、和丰和乌鲁木齐的小家鼠个体进行基因组DNA提取,控制区PCR扩增和序列测定,并分析其遗传多样性,构建系统进化树。[结果]14只小家鼠基因组大小均在20000bp以上;小家鼠控制区序列中A、T、G、C的平均含量分别为：T：29．0％;C：25．2％;A：33．9％;G：11．9％,个体间碱基组成几乎无差别;14只小家鼠个体与M.m.musculus的亲缘关系较近,在系统进化树中共享1个分支,且该分支中2225、2228和2226具有相同的支长,2242和2243具有相同的支长,2249、2247和2251具有相同的支长。[结论]供试14只新疆小家鼠个体属于M.m.musculus亚种。     

Introduced house mice Mus musculus: a significant predator of threatened and endemic birds on Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean?

House mice Mus musculus have successfully colonized many temperate and sub-Antarctic islands that are the location for breeding colonies of millions of seabirds. Unlike other introduced mammals, the impact of house mice on seabirds and endemic birds is believed to have been negligible. The breeding ecology of seabirds breeding on Gough Island, central South Atlantic Ocean, was studied for the first time during September 2000 to September 2001. Breeding success of the endangered Tristan albatross Diomedea (exulans) dabbenena and endangered Atlantic Petrel Pterodroma incerta were 27.3 and 19.9% respectively. Mortality of large Tristan albatross and Atlantic petrel chicks was observed, and the pattern of wounds and observations of feeding indicate that introduced mice were responsible for this predation. Breeding numbers of the endemic Gough bunting Rowettia goughensis are mostly found in upland areas of Gough Island where mice are scarce and are restricted to inaccessible cliffs in the lowlands where mice are abundant. This pattern, together with the high predation rates of artificial-eggs in lowland habitats in comparison to the uplands, strongly suggests that mice constrain the distribution of Gough buntings. The results of this study provide the first evidence for the role of house mice as a significant predator of endangered and endemic birds. Further research is required to determine if the observed levels of mice predation are a regular occurrence.     

小家鼠胴体重指标划分种群年龄的研究

对2005年1~12月在贵州省息烽县鼠情监测点捕获的258只小家鼠标本,以胴体重为指标,参照繁殖状况,用胴体重频次分配方法将小家鼠划分为4个年龄组,其划分标准为,幼年组(Ⅰ):胴体重≤6.49 g;亚成年组(Ⅱ):6.50~9.99 g;成年组(Ⅲ):10.00~13.49 g;老年组(Ⅳ):≥13.50 g。不同年龄组繁殖力差异显著,胴体重随种群年龄的增长而不断增加,各年龄组胴体重与体重、体长、尾长均呈正相关性,且与体重相关性达极显著。研究认为,采用胴体重划分小家鼠年龄是可行的,方法简便,易于操作。     

A review of biochemical mechanisms of warfarin resistance in the house mouse

The biochemical mechanisms of warfarin resistance in the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) have not been fully investigated. In some populations of warfarin-resistant mice there is a reduction in sensitivity of hepatic vitamin K-epoxide reductase to inhibition by warfarin. This is similar to a proposed mechanism of anticoagulant resistance in the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus Berk.). The same enzyme in other warfarin-resistant populations is, however, sensitive to warfarin inhibition. Other studies have indicated that detoxification may play a role in conferring warfarin resistance in house mice.     

酒精发酵饲料对延边黄牛产肉性能的影响

探讨了酒精发酵饲料对延边黄牛体尺、体重、血液组成及生产性能的影响。试验结果表明:(1)试验组的体高、体长、胸宽、胸围、坐骨宽、髋宽、尻长的增长量均高于对照组,其中体高、坐骨宽、尻长、胸围差异极显著(P<0.01)。体长、髋宽、管围差异显著(P<0.05);(2)试验组与对照组的日增重分别为0.98 kg和0.77 kg,差异极显著(P<0.01);(3)血液指标中,试验组的血钙、无机磷、葡萄糖含量均高于对照组,其中无机磷、葡萄糖差异极显著(P<0.01),血钙差异显著(P<0.05),尿素含量低于对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01),其余各血液指标均差异不显著;(4)屠宰试验结果表明试验组和对照组的屠宰率分别为57.24％和52.84％,净肉率为45.62％和40.94％,差异显著(P<0.05),眼肌面积为85.64 cm2和80.02 cm2,差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

Successful eradication of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and house mouse (Mus musculus) from the island of Selvagem Grande (Macaronesian archipelago), in the Eastern Atlantic

The Portuguese island of Selvagem Grande (Great Salvage) in Macaronesia is an important seabird breeding station in the eastern Atlantic. Significant populations of Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea (Scopoli, 1769), Bulwer's petrel Bulweria bulweria (Jardine & Selby, 1828) and little shearwater Puffinus assimilis baroli (Bonaparte, 1857) are present, and white-faced storm-petrel Pelagodroma marina (Latham, 1790) and Madeiran storm-petrel Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt, 1851) populations are of global significance. Selvagem Grande also provides diverse habitats for an extensive flora, including 11 endemic species. The 270-ha island was also inhabited by two alien invasive mammals: the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) and the house mouse Mus musculus (Linnaeus, 1758). Both are known to have had adverse impacts on breeding seabirds and island vegetation. In 2002, the Natural Park of Madeira conducted a program using brodifacoum bait formulations aimed at rabbit and mouse eradication. Approximately 17 000 individual baiting points were established on a 12.5 × 12.5 m grid. Baits were also applied by hand “seeding” on steep slopes and cliffs where bait stations could not be placed. Rabbits were removed after a month. However, mice persisted for considerably longer and strategic bait applications against them continued for a further six months. Subsequent assessments by trapping, bait takes and systematic observation of signs over three years, has confirmed the removal of both alien invasive species. This paper presents information on these operations, on measures adopted to mitigate adverse impacts of the eradication program on important vertebrate non-target species, including Berthelot's pipit Anthus berthelotii Bolle, 1862 and a species of gecko Tarentola bischoffi Joger, 1984 and on the initial response of the island's ecosystem to the eradication of rabbits and mice.     

小白鼠（Mus．musculus）骨髓瘤细胞和杂交瘤细胞染色体研究

本文采用培养细胞直接制备染色体方法，对来源不同的小白鼠骨髓瘤细胞株（ＳＴ、ＣＴ）的不同培养代数（５代和１２代）细胞进行染色体研究；并对ＢＡＬＡ／Ｃ小白鼠脾脏细胞与骨髓瘤细胞融合后产生的杂交瘤细胞（ＵＥ＿８）的染色体进行分析研究；再把骨髓瘤细胞和杂交瘤细胞的染色体排列的组型与正常小白鼠骨髓细胞染色体组型作比较研究。研究结果表明，从染色体形态看，骨髓瘤细胞（ＳＴ、ＣＴ）和杂交瘤细胞（ＵＥ＿８），除在ＳＴ细胞中发现１条属中间着丝点之外，其余染色体形态与正常小白鼠细胞染色体相同，都属于端着丝点染色体。从染色体数目看，ＳＴ、ＣＴ和ＵＥ＿８细胞染色体均多于正常小白鼠细胞２ｎ＝４０染色体数，ＳＴ、ＣＴ和ＵＥ＿８细胞染色体数最少为６０条，最多为８８条，其变动范围在６０～８８条之间，从分析骨髓瘤和杂交瘤９个细胞，每个细胞平均染色体数为６９．２２，是正常小白鼠２ｎ＝４０的１．７３倍。从染色体倍体看，骨髓瘤细胞和杂交瘤细胞，倍体呈不规则状态，呈单体或多体。这与正常小白鼠细胞染色体呈规则的２倍体，表现出明显的不同。     

C_(57)BL/6N、BALB/C近交系小鼠的染色体组型研究及y染色体的识别

本文采用骨髓细胞直接制片方法,并结合C分带技术,对C_(57)BL/6N和BALB/C近交系小鼠的染色体组型特征及Y染色体在染色体组中的位置进行了比较研究。结果表明:小鼠品系间组型无明显差异;C_(57)BL/6N的第19号染色体为该品系的标志染色体;Y染色体在两个不同品系中的相对位置不同。