云南省德宏州发现3种草地贪夜蛾幼虫寄生蜂

重大迁飞性害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)自2019年1月入侵我国以来,已对我国粮食安全构成重大威胁。为加速对我国草地贪夜蛾寄生性天敌资源的发掘与防治潜能的评估,我们于2019年9月-11月对云南省德宏州玉米和小麦上草地贪夜蛾的寄生性天敌开展田间调查并对采集到的天敌进行分子鉴定。共发现3种草地贪夜蛾幼虫寄生蜂,分别为斯氏侧沟茧蜂Microplitis similis Lyle、半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum Hellen和斜纹夜蛾长距姬小蜂Euplectrus laphygmae Ferrière,田间最高自然寄生率分别为12.00%、22.30%和5.33%。另外,田间调查发现在玉米和大豆上斯氏侧沟茧蜂还可寄生与草地贪夜蛾同属的斜纹夜蛾S.litura幼虫;在大豆和杂草上斜纹夜蛾长距姬小蜂可寄生甜菜夜蛾S.exigua幼虫。本研究将为今后开展草地贪夜蛾天敌昆虫的保护和利用提供重要参考。     

低温驯化对南方小花蝽冷藏的影响

为探讨低温驯化对南方小花蝽雌成虫冷藏的影响，在室内15℃下饲养7 d作为低温驯化处理，研究了驯化后与未驯化的南方小花蝽雌成虫分别在4、6和10℃下冷藏其寿命、存活率和致死中时间（LT₅₀）的异同。结果表明，无论是否进行低温驯化，南方小花蝽雌成虫的寿命都显著大于对照（25℃下饲养）。在10℃冷藏条件下，是否经过低温驯化对南方小花蝽雌成虫寿命没有明显影响，但在4℃和6℃条件下，低温驯化能明显延长雌成虫的寿命，分别延长了80.7%和83.7%。南方小花蝽雌成虫存活率均随冷藏时间的延长而下降，在同一低温冷藏温度下经低温驯化处理的南方小花蝽存活率比未驯化的高。经低温驯化的南方小花蝽雌成虫在4、6和10℃冷藏时，其LT₅₀分别比未经驯化的延长了30.0%、57.8%和40.4%。以上结果表明南方小花蝽的寿命具有可塑性，低温驯化有利于南方小花蝽的冷藏，6℃可作为南方小花蝽长期储藏的温度。     

几种进境观赏植物根际香蕉穿孔线虫的鉴定和描述

香蕉穿孔线虫严重危害多种经济作物和观赏植物, 被中国和世界多数国家列为植物检疫有害生物。2006-2009年, 在对深圳隔离温室中的天南星科（Araceae）、竹芋科（Marantaceae）、棕榈科（Palmae）和凤梨科（Bromeliaceae）等观赏植物病害调查监测中, 从进境观赏植物红掌（Anthurium andraeanum）、孔雀竹芋（Calathea makoyana）和散尾葵（Chrysalidocarpus lutescens）上采集分离到一些植物寄生线虫, 其中有3个线虫种群经鉴定确认为香蕉穿孔线虫［Radopholus similis (Cobb,1893) Throne, 1949］, 本文对其形态特征进行了比较和描述。     

Invasive black spiny‐tailed iguanas (Ctenosaura similis) on Gasparilla Island,Florida, USA

The native range of Ctenosaura similis extends from southern Mexico through Panama. From an initial introduction of 3 animals in 1979, the species now numbers in the thousands on Gasparilla Island in southwest Florida. In response to complaints of property damage from residents and threats to native species, local officials and the US Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services began a removal program in 2008. Through 2011, trappers removed 9467 ctenosaurs. The number removed declined from 32 iguanas/day in 2008 to 1.9 iguanas/day in 2011 despite no easing of the control effort. We necropsied 2757 ctenosaurs to document aspects of their natural history. Females outnumbered males overall, although the largest size class (>300 mm snout–vent length) included 32 males and just 2 females. Reproduction was seasonal. We found oviducal eggs in females from early Apr to early Jun, approximately 2 months later than C. similis in its native range. We trapped hatchlings from late Jul to early Oct coincident with the summer rainy season. Clutch size increased with female body size, with 62 being the largest clutch size recorded. In general, the biology of the invasive population on Gasparilla Island resembles native C. similis populations in Central America, except for the lack of large individuals. We suggest that shorter day length and colder temperatures create environmental conditions that are suboptimal for individual growth compared to those in the native range.     

桑毛虫性信息素研究 Ⅲ.性诱测报试验

采用我们自行研究合成的桑毛虫性信息素(顺—7—十八碳烯醇异戊酸酯)聚乙烯塑料诱芯进行桑毛虫发生期的测报,巳获得成功。试验结果表明,性诱发蛾进度与田间产卵进度具有极显著的相关关系,性诱蛾量能比较真实地反映田间成虫的实际发生情况.用性诱蛾量高峰日预测成虫的产卵高峰和次代幼虫的孵化高峰期,解决了性诱测报中预先无法估计50％发蛾高峰期的难题,这对指导测报和防治具有十分重要的现实意义。与传统的黑光灯诱蛾测报法比较,性诱测报具有准确性高,方法简便,成本低廉等优点,是一项值得推广的新的测报方法。     

斜纹夜蛾侧沟茧蜂对寄主龄期的选择

应用均匀设计研究了斜纹夜蛾侧沟茧蜂与斜纹夜蛾1龄末-2龄初幼虫、3龄幼虫和4龄幼虫共存系统中，寄生蜂对不同龄期幼虫的选择寄主作用，建立了3个龄期的3个龄期的幼虫被寄生量模型。根据模型，计算了寄生蜂对3个龄期幼虫寄生的选择系数。结果表明，斜纹夜蛾侧沟茧蜂能寄生斜纹夜蛾1-4龄幼虫，但当1龄末-2龄初幼虫、3龄幼虫和4龄幼虫同时存在时，该蜂偏爱寄生1龄末-2龄初幼虫，其次为3龄幼虫。     

Path analysis: a novel approach to determine the contribution of nematode damage to East African Highland banana (Musa spp., AAA) yield loss under two crop management practices in Uganda

Damage caused by plant-parasitic nematodes on East Africa Highland banana cultivar Mbwazirume was evaluated at Sendusu, Central Uganda. Banana plots were either nematode-infested or non-infested and received either continuous heavy mulch or were finger millet (Eleusine coracana) inter-cropped. An infestation with banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus, occurred naturally. Suckers detached from third crop cycle harvested plants were indexed for root and corm damage. Nematodes were extracted from the indexed roots. Banana weevil damage was observed in a cross-section through the corm of the harvested plant. Relationships between root damage, corm damage and nematode population densities were examined using correlation analyses. Path analysis was used to establish their relative effects on bunch weight. Independent of the type of crop management, percentage root necrosis, percentage dead roots, Radopholus similis and Helicotylenchus multicinctus population densities were each negatively correlated with bunch weight. Banana weevil damage and Pratylenchus goodeyi population densities were not correlated with bunch weight (P≤0.05). Path analysis revealed that root necrosis under heavy mulching and dead roots under finger millet inter-crop were the major factors associated with reduced bunch weight. Independent of the type of crop management, path analysis demonstrated that R. similis and then H. multicinctus contributed most, and to a lesser extent P. goodeyi, to root necrosis and dead roots. C. sordidus damage to the inner or outer corm appeared not to affect bunch weight.     

烟田斜纹夜蛾侧沟茧蜂的生物学和生态学研究

对烟田最重要的害虫之一斜纹夜蛾的优势种寄生性天敌———斜纹夜蛾侧沟茧蜂Microplitisprodeniae(Viereck)的生物学特性、田间自然消长及其对斜纹夜蛾的抑制作用进行了初步研究。结果表明 :该蜂田间种群消长一年有两个高峰期 ,第 1个高峰期 4月下旬 ,第 2个高峰期 6月中旬 ,对斜纹夜蛾有较好的控制作用。该蜂在 2 4～ 2 8℃ ,RH75 %～ 85 %下全日均可羽化 ,以凌晨 0 4∶0 0～ 0 6∶0 0时最多 ,羽化率达 3 9.8%。该蜂的羽化与湿度有关 ,相对湿度 75 %以上 ,羽化正常。雌蜂数量明显多于雄蜂 ,其性比雌∶雄平均为 2 .3 0∶1。补充营养及相对湿度对成蜂寿命有显著影响。补充营养能显著延长成蜂寿命 ,以 2 5 %蔗糖液最佳。成蜂寿命与相对湿度成正相关 ,其直线回归方程式为y=13 .75 97+ 0 .15 5lx。从该蜂接蜂至成茧 ,茧至羽化发育历期与湿度关系分别为N =13 4.0 42 6 (T -9.5 2 3 4)和N =84.95 5 8 (T -11.5 965 ) ,各温度下发育历期的理论值与实测值经卡方测验相符 ,即该预测式适用     

侧沟茧蜂触角感觉器的扫描电镜观察

扫描电镜观察表明：侧沟茧蜂Microplitis sp．的触角上存在5种感觉器，分别为毛状感觉器A型、B型、C型，槽状感觉器，锥形乳头状感觉器，刺形感觉器和钟形感觉器。对触角感觉器的形态和分布进行了描述，并对两性间的差别进行了讨论，为研究该蜂寻找生境和寄生行为提供依据。     

Bt玉米对中红侧沟茧蜂发育的间接影响及室内行为研究

利用Y-型嗅觉仪研究了中红侧沟茧蜂(Microplitis Mediator Haliday)对Bt玉米、常规玉米、粘虫幼虫和其虫粪及虫害苗挥发物的行为反应,同时研究了Bt玉米对中红侧沟茧蜂发育的影响。结果表明,两种玉米健康植株的挥发物对中红侧沟茧蜂均有引诱作用;中红侧沟茧蜂对两种玉米的健康植株及机械损伤株挥发物之间的选择性无显著差异;相对于Bt玉米,中红侧沟茧蜂更趋向于选择常规玉米的虫伤苗及玉米-粘虫幼虫-虫粪混合物的挥发物。与对照(寄生于取食常规玉米粘虫的中红侧沟茧蜂)相比,寄生于取食Bt玉米粘虫幼虫的中红侧沟茧蜂幼虫历期延长,出茧率、茧重、羽化率、蜂重均有显著降低,茧历期、蜂历期则差异不显著。