氟吡菌酰胺不同施药方式对水稻拟禾本科根结线虫的防治效果

为评价41.7%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂防治水稻拟禾本科根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicola的应用潜力，将氟吡菌酰胺与吡虫啉种衣剂混合后采用种子包衣法及喷洒法研究其对水稻拟禾本科根结线虫的田间防效，并测定了不同施药方法对水稻生长和产量的影响。结果表明，氟吡菌酰胺4.2、8.3、12.5 g（a.i.）/kg种子与吡虫啉18.0 g（a.i.）/kg种子混合包衣处理，播种后35 d其根结抑制率和防效分别为41.0%~51.8%和47.4%~58.6%，土壤中2龄幼虫减退率为38.6%~40.4%，显著高于单施吡虫啉18.0 g（a.i.）/kg种子处理。水稻播种后连续3次以氟吡菌酰胺250.2、375.3、500.4 g（a.i.）/hm²进行土壤喷洒，最后1次施药后7 d，其根结抑制率和防效分别为81.0%~89.9%和65.9%~74.3%，土壤中2龄幼虫减退率为65.4%~73.4%，均显著高于对照药剂克百威1 800.0 g（a.i.）/hm²处理。氟吡菌酰胺各处理对水稻苗期生长均有较好的保护作用，能显著提高千粒重和有效穗数，产量比空白对照增加50.0%~61.2%，保产效果显著。水稻播种后35 d采用氟吡菌酰胺对稻田进行1次喷洒，对水稻具有一定的保护作用，保产效果不明显。表明采用氟吡菌酰胺与吡虫啉混合包衣种子处理及在水稻苗期进行喷洒处理对水稻拟禾本科根结线虫防效显著，具有显著的保产效果。     

Cucumis metuliferus is resistant to root‐knot nematode Mi1.2 gene (a)virulent isolates and a promising melon rootstock

Pot experiments were carried out to characterize the response of two Cucumis metuliferus accessions (BGV11135 and BGV10762) against Mi1.2 gene (a)virulent Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica isolates and to determine the compatibility and the effect on physicochemical properties of fruit melons. In addition, histopathological studies were conducted. One week after transplanting, plants were inoculated with one J2 cm^?3 of sterilized sand (200 cm³ pots) and maintained in a growth chamber at 25 °C for 40 days. The susceptible cucumber cv. Dasher II or melon cv. Paloma were included for comparison. The number of egg masses and number of eggs per plant were assessed, and the reproduction index (RI) was calculated as the percentage of eggs produced on the C. metuliferus accessions compared to those produced on the susceptible cultivars. The compatibility and fruit quality were assessed by grafting three scions, two of Charentais type and one of type piel de sapo, under commercial greenhouse conditions. The resistance level of both C. metuliferus accessions ranged from highly resistant (RI < 1%) to resistant (1% ≤ RI ≤ 10%) irrespective of Meloidogyne isolates. Melon plants grafted onto C. metuliferus accession BGV11135 grew as self‐grafted plants without negatively impacting fruit quality traits. Giant cells induced by Meloidogyne spp. on C. metuliferus were in general poorly developed compared to those on cucumber. Furthermore, necrotic areas surrounding the nematode were observed. Cucumis metuliferus accession BGV11135 could be a promising melon rootstock to manage Meloidogyne spp., irrespective of their Mi1.2 (a)virulence, without melon fruit quality reduction.     

The use of infrared spectroscopy and machine learning tools for detection of Meloidogyne infestations

Plant parasitic nematodes are generally soilborne pathogens that attack plants and cause economic losses in many crops. The infested plants show nonspecific symptoms or, often, are symptomless; therefore, diagnosis is performed by taking soil and root tissue samples. Here, we show that a combination of different infrared spectra analysis and machine learning algorithms can be used to detect plant parasitic nematode infestations before symptoms become visible, using leaves instead of roots and soil as samples. We found that tomato and guava plants infested with Meloidogyne enterorlobii produced different spectral patterns compared to uninfested plants. Using partial spectra from 1,450 to 900/cm as the "fingerprint region", principal component analyses indicated that after 5 (tomatoes) or 8 weeks (guava), plants with no visible symptoms of infestations were positively diagnosed. To improve the early detection response, we used machine learning modelling. A support vector machine (SVM) was used to obtain more robust, accurate models. The SVM model contained 34 support vectors, 17 for each level. The overall performance of the model was >97% and the total accuracy was significantly higher, demonstrating the absence of chance prediction. The best prediction of infestation was obtained at the second and fourth weeks for tomatoes and guavas, respectively, reducing the diagnostic time by half. The combined application of these techniques reduces the processing time from field to laboratory and shows enormous advantages by avoiding root and soil sampling.     

Cf-2/Rcr3pim番茄品系对南方根结线虫的抗性测定

Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄不仅能够抵御番茄叶霉菌的侵染,而且对马铃薯金线虫的寄生也有一定的抑制效果。为挖掘根结线虫的新抗性资源,本研究采用室内人工接种法测定了Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)、Cf-2/Rcr3-3和Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄品系对南方根结线虫的抗感性。抗性评价结果显示,Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)品系对南方根结线虫表现高感,Cf-2/Rcr3-3品系为中感,而Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)品系则为感病。与Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)和Cf-2/Rcr3-3基因型相比,Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄品系虽然对南方根结线虫侵染的敏感性略低,但是不能阻止线虫在根系上的大量繁殖,不适于根结线虫的防控应用。     

南方根结线虫侵染对不同砧木嫁接冬瓜生长的影响

为了明确南方根结线虫对不同南瓜砧木嫁接冬瓜苗生长发育的影响,以期为冬瓜生产筛选抗根结线虫砧木品种,促进产业可持续发展。本文采用人工接种南方根结线虫,研究比较了‘海砧1号’、‘海砧2号’和‘银龙黄籽’3种南瓜砧木的冬瓜嫁接苗及冬瓜自根苗的抗性水平及植株生物量的差异。结果表明：不同南瓜砧木冬瓜嫁接苗和自根苗的病情指数、根结指数、卵粒指数和繁殖指数均随着生育期延长而不断升高,抗性水平发生不同程度变化;以‘海砧2号’为砧木的嫁接苗在全生育期均表现为抗病,以‘海砧1号’和‘银龙黄籽’为砧木的嫁接苗表现为高感,‘清远黑皮冬瓜’自根苗表现为感病。在茎叶鲜重和单果鲜重方面,生长中后期以‘海砧2号’为砧木的嫁接苗显著高于以‘海砧1号’和‘银龙黄籽’为砧木的嫁接苗以及‘清远黑皮冬瓜’自根苗,但与未接种的‘清远黑皮冬瓜’自根苗无显著差异。研究结果证实,南方根结线虫明显抑制了感病砧木冬瓜嫁接苗的生长和产量,对抗病砧木嫁接苗无明显影响。     

Identification of a candidate gene for resistance to root‐knot nematode in a wild peach and screening of its polymorphisms

Root‐knot nematode disease, caused by Meloidogyne species, is an important soil‐borne disease of peach (Prunus persica L.) worldwide. To identify a major locus of genetic resistance to M. incognita, PkMi, in a wild peach species, we reconstructed a linkage group in a BC₁ population of 187 lines using resistance gene analogue markers surrounding the PkMi locus. A resistance gene analogue marker, ppa021062m, co‐segregated with the PkMi locus and was therefore considered a strong candidate for PkMi. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced protein sequences of ppa021062m, together with the other seven genes for nematode resistance, allowed ppa021062m to be assigned to the Toll/Interleukin1 Receptor‐Nucleotide Binding Site‐Leucine Rich Repeat class, similar to Ma in myrobalan plum (P. cerasifera). Comparative analysis of the candidate gene sequence in four genotypes that had different levels of resistance to root‐knot nematode disease showed that most non‐synonymous SNPs in the genic region were distributed in the TIR and NBS motifs. This study enhances our understanding of the genetic and molecular control of resistance to root‐knot nematode disease in peach.     

Thermal requirements and population dynamics of root‐knot nematodes on cucumber and yield losses under protected cultivation

Several studies were carried out to determine (i) thermal requirements for development, egg production and emergence of juveniles, and completion of the life cycle of Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica on cucumber, (ii) the maximum multiplication rate and the equilibrium density of root‐knot nematodes on cucumber and yield losses in pot and plastic greenhouse experiments, and (iii) the relationships between relative leaf chlorophyll content (RLCC) and relative cucumber dry top weight biomass (RDTWB) in relation to increasing nematode densities at planting (P_i) in pot experiments. Thermal requirements of M. incognita and M. javanica on cucumber did not differ, irrespective of the biological stage. In the pot experiments, M. javanica completed one generation. The maximum multiplication rate (a) was 833, and the equilibrium density (E) varied according to the effective inoculum densities. The relationship between RDTWB and P_i fitted the Seinhorst damage function model. The RLCC value at 40 or 50 days post‐inoculation also fitted the damage model and was related to RDTWB. In greenhouse experiments, conducted from 2009 to 2012, M. incognita completed three generations. The values for a and E were 1147 and 625 second stage juveniles (J2) per 250 cm³ soil, respectively. The tolerance limit was below zero, and the minimum relative yield ranged from 0·12 to 0·34.     

青霉菌Snef1216发酵液诱导番茄抗南方根结线虫研究

 通过Snef1216发酵液处理番茄根系和包衣种子,研究番茄抗南方根结线虫的组织病理学变化和作用方式。结果显示:处理番茄根系且接种15 d,应答根系内根结线虫的数量减少47.5%,且巨细胞出现空泡;包衣番茄种子,接种4、8和12 d,根系内2龄幼虫分别减少54.1%、3.4%和41.7%,接种10、20和30 d,根系内2龄、3龄、4龄幼虫和雌虫的数量也均比对照组番茄明显减少。表明Snef1216发酵液诱导了番茄对南方根结线虫的抗性。     

4种药剂对豇豆根结线虫病的防治效果

为了更好地防治豇豆根结线虫病，对4种杀线虫剂进行了田间防效评价试验。结果表明，供试的4种药剂均对豇豆根结线虫有一定的防效，能控制土壤中２龄幼虫的数量和抑制根结的形成，其中10％噻唑膦颗粒剂对豇豆根结线虫的防效最好，具有低残留、持效期长等优点，可作为防治豇豆根结线虫的首选药剂; 其次为５％阿维菌素颗粒剂。同时供试的4种药剂在试验剂量范围内均对豇豆安全，建议在生产上推广应用10％噻唑膦颗粒剂和５％阿维菌素颗粒剂来防治豇豆根结线虫病。     

Suppression of Meloidogyne incognita by the endophytic fungus Acremonium implicatum from tomato root galls

Specific endophytes with biocontrol potential might occur in diseased plant tissues. We isolated an endophytic fungus from tomato root galls infected with Meloidogyne incognita and identified it as Acremonium implicatum based on morphology and internal transcribed spacer sequences. Its biocontrol potential was tested in vitro and in pot and field experiments. In the in vitro test, 96.0% of second-stage juveniles of M. incognita were killed by a culture filtrate of A. implicatum after 48 h. The fungus also suppressed egg hatching, with only 36.3% of treated eggs hatching compared with 87.3% of control eggs. Pot experiments showed that A. implicatum inhibited the formation of root galls, with 40.6 galls per treated plant compared with 121.6 on control plants. A. implicatum reduced the nematode population in soil, with 151.1 nematodes per 100 g treated soil and 375.1 in control soil. Field experiments demonstrated that the root gall index of treated plants (25) was markedly lower than that of control plants (96). In conclusion, A. implicatum has excellent potential for the biocontrol of M. incognita.