基于Sentinel-2多光谱数据的棉花叶面积指数估算

棉花叶面积指数(leaf are index, LAI)的快速、准确获取对棉花长势监测、发育期诊断、面积提取以及产量估算等遥感监测具有重要意义。该研究利用2017年和2018年的Sentinel-2多光谱卫星数据及大面积田间试验观测获取的棉花不同发育期LAI实测数据,构建了基于单波段反射率及各类植被指数的棉花不同发育期及全发育期LAI估算模型,并采用留一验证(LOOCV, leave-one-out cross validation)和交叉验证对模型精度进行了检验。结果表明:1)对于单波段反射率,基于中心波长为842 nm波宽为145 nm的B8近红外波段对不同发育期LAI估算精度最优均方根误差(RMSE, root mean square error, RMSE=0.378);2)对于各类植被指数,花蕾期(20170616)和花铃期(20170802)时增强植被指数(EVI, enhanced vegetation index,)表现最佳(RMSE分别为0.352和0.367),开花期(20180623)时校正土壤调节植被指数(MSAVI2, modified soil adjusted vegetation index 2,)估算精度最高(RMSE=0.323);3)单波段反射率和各类植被指数对全发育期LAI的估算均要优于对单个发育期LAI的估算,其中基于IRECI指数的(invertedred-edge chlorophyllindex)全发育期LAI估算模型精度最佳,LOOCV检验RMSE=0.425,交叉检验RMSE=0.368;将基于IRECI的全发育期LAI估算模型应用到单个发育期LAI估算并与各单个发育期LAI估算模型精度对比,发现交叉验证RMSE平均值仅比LOOCV验证RMSE平均值高0.07,反映了全发育期LAI估算模型良好的普适性。该研究为农作物LAI估算提供了新的数据选择,完善了Sentinel-2卫星数据在LAI估算中的应用领域。     

Deep neural network algorithm for estimating maize biomass based on simulated Sentinel 2A vegetation indices and leaf area index

Accurate estimation of biomass is necessary for evaluating crop growth and predicting crop yield.Biomass is also a key trait in increasing grain yield by crop breeding.The aims of this study were(i)to identify the best vegetation indices for estimating maize biomass,(ii)to investigate the relationship between biomass and leaf area index(LAI)at several growth stages,and(iii)to evaluate a biomass model using measured vegetation indices or simulated vegetation indices of Sentinel 2A and LAI using a deep neural network(DNN)algorithm.The results showed that biomass was associated with all vegetation indices.The three-band water index(TBWI)was the best vegetation index for estimating biomass and the corresponding R2,RMSE,and RRMSE were 0.76,2.84 t ha−1,and 38.22%respectively.LAI was highly correlated with biomass(R2=0.89,RMSE=2.27 t ha−1,and RRMSE=30.55%).Estimated biomass based on 15 hyperspectral vegetation indices was in a high agreement with measured biomass using the DNN algorithm(R2=0.83,RMSE=1.96 t ha−1,and RRMSE=26.43%).Biomass estimation accuracy was further increased when LAI was combined with the 15 vegetation indices(R2=0.91,RMSE=1.49 t ha−1,and RRMSE=20.05%).Relationships between the hyperspectral vegetation indices and biomass differed from relationships between simulated Sentinel 2A vegetation indices and biomass.Biomass estimation from the hyperspectral vegetation indices was more accurate than that from the simulated Sentinel 2A vegetation indices(R2=0.87,RMSE=1.84 t ha−1,and RRMSE=24.76%).The DNN algorithm was effective in improving the estimation accuracy of biomass.It provides a guideline for estimating biomass of maize using remote sensing technology and the DNN algorithm in this region.     

Research advances of SAR remote sensing for agriculture applications: A review

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an effective and important technique in monitoring crop and other agricultural targets because its quality does not depend on weather conditions. SAR is sensitive to the geometrical structures and dielectric properties of the targets and has a certain penetration ability to some agricultural targets. The capabilities of SAR for agriculture applications can be organized into three main categories: crop identification and crop planting area statistics, crop and cropland parameter extraction, and crop yield estimation. According to the above concepts, this paper systematically analyses the recent progresses, existing problems and future directions in SAR agricultural remote sensing. In recent years, with the remarkable progresses in SAR remote sensing systems, the available SAR data sources have been greatly enriched. The accuracies of the crop classification and parameter extraction by SAR data have been improved progressively. But the development of modern agriculture has put forwarded higher requirements for SAR remote sensing. For instance, the spatial resolution and revisiting cycle of the SAR sensors, the accuracy of crop classification, the whole phenological period monitoring of crop growth status, the soil moisture inversion under the condition of high vegetation coverage, the integrations of SAR remote sensing retrieval information with hydrological models and/or crop growth models, and so on, still need to be improved. In the future, the joint use of optical and SAR remote sensing data, the application of multi-band multi-dimensional SAR, the precise and high efficient modeling of electromagnetic scattering and parameter extraction of crop and farmland composite scene, the development of light and small SAR systems like those onboard unmanned aerial vehicles and their applications will be active research areas in agriculture remote sensing. This paper concludes that SAR remote sensing has great potential and will play a more significant role in the various fields of agricultural remote sensing.     

SCE标定结合EnKF同化遥感和WOFOST模型模拟冬小麦时序LAI

WOFOST(world food studies)模型可用于模拟冬小麦全生育期内的时序叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI),各器官生物量以及最终产量,对冬小麦的长势监测与产量预估有着重要意义。但将WOFOST模型用于中国具体区域的冬小麦生长模拟时,存在着参数定标困难、模拟结果不够准确等严重问题。目前对该模型的定标大多依靠研究者的经验进行,虽已总结出了一套从标定到模拟应用的研究方法,但在区域模拟时仍然存在很多问题。为此,该文以较易获取的LAI为参考指标,结合潜在生长水平模式下的WOFOST模型在衡水地区的应用,提出了一种"区域优化标定,像元同化修正"的研究方法:首先在区域尺度上对WOFOST模型进行优化标定,利用扩展傅里叶幅度灵敏度检验法(extend fourier amplitude sensitivity test, EFAST)分析模型各个参数的敏感性,在此基础上选择了可以迅速找到全局最优解的SCE(shuffled complex evolution)算法对总敏感度最高的5个参数进行优化,并将优化前后的时序LAI曲线进行对比;其次运用第一步确定的模型最优参数,在对区域内每个像元进行模拟时,结合Sentinel-2卫星数据反演所得的各个像元LAI,利用集合卡尔曼滤波(ensemble kalman filter, EnKF)在像元尺度上对LAI进行同化修正,并结合采样点的2次实测LAI数据对同化所得结果进行验证。试验发现,优化标定后的WOFOST模型模拟所得LAI曲线更接近所给的LAI真值,在此基础上结合数据同化模拟得出的衡水地区每个像元LAI的R2达到0.87,RMSE仅为0.62。因此,与原来只能通过经验进行定标的方法相比,该方法有效地解决了WOFOST模型在具体应用中亟待解决的复杂标定问题,并且结合同化修正有效地提高了模型在各个像元的模拟精度,R2由0.70～0.83提升至了0.87,RMSE由0.89～1.36降低至了0.62。同时该文也提供了从模型标定到具体模拟整个过程中各个环节的思路与方法,有利于促进WOFOST模型在区域尺度上的应用。     

精准施药中叶面积指数探测研究

精准施药技术的研究以提高农药的利用率为目的,是精准施药的发展方向。果树叶面积指数能为精准施药提供重要参考依据,通过叶面积指数及生物量探测可以进行大面积果树的长势监测并计算其药量的需求,进而对作物进行指导性施药。为此,结合国内外研究现状阐述了各类叶面积指数探测技术和计算方法,分析了精准施药技术中靶标探测的方法及叶面积指数探测在精准施药中的应用,并对精准变量施药中叶面积指数探测方法进行了展望。     

积温对春玉米叶面积、生物量和产量的影响

进行积温对春玉米叶面积、生物量和产量影响试验,结果表明:积温与叶面积指数、生物量和产量之间存在密切的线性关系,积温每增加100℃.d,最大叶面积指数增加0.4,物量增加162 g/hm2,单产增加591 kg/hm2;积温每增加10%,玉米叶面积增加8%,最大生物量增加12.5%;气温升高1℃,玉米生物量增加243 g/m2,产量增加9.8%左右。反之,活动积温减少100℃.d左右,玉米单产减少8%～10%,将发生低温冷害。正常年份,当地适宜种中晚熟品种和正常偏晚播种。在水分条件比较适宜的条件下,气候变暖对提高玉米产量有利。     

基于机载LiDAR数据的玉米叶面积指数反演

以机载LiDAR离散点云数据为数据源,基于植被冠层孔隙率与叶面积指数的关系,提出一种反演大田玉米叶面积指数的方法。对反演LAI和实测LAI进行对比分析,结果表明:基于Axelsson改进的不规则三角格网加密方法可以将地面点和非地面点分开,结合高分辨率影像能够提取出玉米冠层点云;基于孔隙率反演LAI,尼尔逊参数的选择对结果影响很大,利用扫描天顶角模拟尼尔逊参数,LAI反演结果接近于真实情况。利用机载LiDAR点云数据能精确地反演大田玉米LAI,该研究方法适用于中等高度的农作物,可以扩展到甜菜、甘蔗等其他中等高度农作物。     

基于无人机数码影像的冬小麦叶面积指数探测研究

叶面积指数(LAI)是评价作物长势的重要农学参数之一,利用遥感技术准确估测作物叶面积指数(LAI)对精准农业意义重大。目前,数码相机与无人机系统组成的高性价比遥感监测系统在农业研究中已取得一些成果,但利用无人机数码影像开展作物LAI估测研究还少有尝试。为论证利用无人机数码影像估测冬小麦LAI的可行性,本文以获取到的3个关键生育期(孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期)冬小麦无人机数码影像为数据源,利用数字图像转换原理构建出10种数字图像特征参数,并系统地分析了3个生育期内两个冬小麦品种在4种氮水平下的LAI与数字图像特征参数之间的关联性。结果表明,在LAI随生育期发生变化的同时,10种数字图像特征参数中R/(R+G+B)和本文提出的基于无人机数码影像红、绿、蓝通道DN值以及可见光大气阻抗植被指数(VARI)计算原理构建的数字图像特征参数UAV-based VARIRGB也有规律性变化,说明冬小麦的施氮差异不仅对LAI有影响,也对某些数字图像特征参数有一定影响;在不同条件(品种、氮营养水平以及生育期)下的数字图像特征参数与LAI的相关性分析中,R/(R+G+B)和UAV-based VARIRGB与LAI显著相关。进而,研究评价了R/(R+G+B)和UAV-based VARIRGB构建的LAI估测模型,最终确定UAV-based VARIRGB为估测冬小麦LAI的最佳参数指标。结果表明UAV-based VARIRGB指数模型估测的LAI与实测LAI拟合性较好(R2=0.71,RMSE=0.8,P0.01)。本研究证明将无人机数码影像应用于冬小麦LAI探测是可行的,这也为高性价比无人机遥感系统的精准农业应用增添了新成果和经验。     

小麦叶面积指数的遗传变异及其影响因素与产量的关系

以"小偃54×京411"的96个重组自交系(RILs)为试材,分析小麦叶面积指数(LAI)相关性状的遗传变异及其影响因素。结果表明,不同生育时期的LAI、MTA(平均叶倾角)、DIFN(无截取散射)均在RIL间存在极显著差异。LAI在RIL群体中呈连续的正态分布。LAI自抽穗期增大,至开花期达最大,灌浆后期降低。不同生育时期的LAI均与群体总茎数、株高和倒三叶叶长呈极显著正相关。灌浆后期的LAI与生物量和产量呈极显著正相关。当控制总茎数和株高不变时,LAI主要与顶三叶的叶面积和叶长呈正相关,其相关系数在开花期最大,灌浆后期降低。对抽穗期LAI>4.0的RIL系而言,该时期LAI与生物量和产量相关性不显著,但灌浆后期的群体平均叶倾角与生物量和产量呈显著正相关。对产量高于京411且株高小于80cm的8个RIL系的分析表明,旗叶与倒二叶叶长比与生物量和产量呈正相关。