Control of insect pests using trunk injection in a newly established apple orchard

We evaluated the potential for using preplant trunk injections of emamectin benzoate in nonbearing apple trees. Trees were evaluated for pest injury and emamectin residues throughout the planting season and into the following year. Injections into the trunk best delivered emamectin benzoate to the canopy compared with injections into the taproot, and the higher rate reduced insect pests more than the lower rate. In the following year, differences in insect control between trunk and root injections were less pronounced, but the higher rate of emamectin benzoate persisted longer and better reduced pests relative to the other treatments.     

小贯小绿叶蝉在5个茶树品种（系）上的蜜露排泄量与茶树叶片结构比较

为明确茶树叶片组织结构与小贯小绿叶蝉抗性之间的相关性,在确定小贯小绿叶蝉不同龄期和虫态蜜露排泄量的基础上,比较研究了小贯小绿叶蝉雌成虫在不同茶树品种（系）上取食24 h后蜜露排泄量的差异,进而通过比较不同茶树品种（系）叶片的组织结构和色泽,分析了5个茶树品种（系）叶片的组织结构与茶树对小贯小绿叶蝉抗性能力强弱的关系。研究结果表明,小贯小绿叶蝉4龄若虫的蜜露排泄量显著高于1~3龄;雌、雄成虫的蜜露排泄量之间不具显著差异;取食中选10号的雌成虫蜜露排泄量显著低于取食其他品种;不同品种（系）茶树的叶面积、叶片总厚度、上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度以及色差等指标与雌成虫的蜜露排泄量之间无显著相关性,而叶片茸毛密度与雌成虫蜜露排泄量呈显著负相关,叶片茸毛长度与蜜露排泄量呈显著正相关。     

假眼小绿叶蝉与其天敌的空间关系及最佳样方确定

为了分析在聚块大小不同时天敌对假眼小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitis Gothe空间上跟随关系的密切程度、聚集原因和聚集范围,为评价假眼小绿叶蝉的天敌优势种提供科学依据,用聚块样方方差分析法、灰色关联度法、空间聚集强度指数、种群聚集均数法和ρ指数法对安徽省合肥市‘乌牛早’和‘白毫早’茶园不同大小聚块条件下的假眼小绿叶蝉及其7种蜘蛛类的天敌空间关系进行分析。假眼小绿叶蝉与其7种蜘蛛类天敌均方差峰值时的聚块样方数的关联度分析结果表明:‘乌牛早’茶园中与假眼小绿叶蝉空间上跟随关系密切的前四种天敌依次是茶色新圆蛛Neoscona theisi(0.753 5)、八斑球腹蛛Theridion octomaculatum(0.720 1)、锥腹肖蛸Tetragnatha maxillosa(0.681 3)和草间小黑蛛Erigonidium graminicolum(0.644 2)。‘白毫早’茶园中与假眼小绿叶蝉空间上跟随关系密切的前四种天敌依次是粽管巢蛛Clubiona japonicola(0.823 5)、鳞纹肖蛸Tetragnatha squamata(0.800 9)、锥腹肖蛸(0.794 2)和茶色新圆蛛(0.794 2)。两种茶园前四种天敌中相同的天敌是茶色新圆蛛和锥腹肖蛸。假眼小绿叶蝉在聚块内基本样方数k为1、2、4、8时,随着聚块内基本样方数的增多,聚集分布格局时的扩散系数C不断增大,均匀和随机格局时扩散系数不断减小。聚块内基本样方数k为2、4、8时与k为1时的假眼小绿叶蝉的空间分布聚集程度差异均不显著。假眼小绿叶蝉的种群聚集均数λ多数情况均大于2,其聚集是该虫本身原因引起的,假眼小绿叶蝉在种群聚集均数λ为正值时,随着聚块内基本样方数的增加,则种群聚集均数λ不断增大。用假眼小绿叶蝉不同大小聚块的ρ指数判断个体群聚集时的最小范围是聚块中有1个基本样方,即本文的4 m~2。该研究为该虫抽样时确定样方大小提供了科学依据。     

气候监测在茶小绿叶蝉防治中的作用

贵州地处祖国西南,是茶树原产地的核心部分,荼产业是贵州重要的优势产业.随着茶园面积的扩大,茶小绿叶蝉发生危害加重,严重影响茶叶产量和品质,文章根据文献资料和气象观测数据分析,对荼小绿叶蝉的生长发育与气候生态因子、茶小绿叶蝉对茶叶的危害、如何防治进行了分析.     

Development of an appropriate breeding scheme for tolerance to Empoasca kraemeri in common bean

Summary Significant advances in increasing tolerance to the leafhopper Empoasca kraemeri Ross & Moore in common bean have been obtained using a new breeding scheme where yield under leafhopper attack is the principal selection criterion in the evaluation of progenies. However, to further refine this breeding scheme, a study was conducted to determine whether selection for nonprotected yield would be more effective in early versus late generations. Two selection strategies were compared. In Strategy I, early generation selections in the F₂ and F₃ were compared to Strategy II where late generation selections were made in the F₄ and F₅, with the F₂ and F₃ generations advanced using single pod descent and bulk practices, respectively. Yield trials of the F₆ lines from both selection strategies were conducted under nonprotected and insecticide protected treatments. No significant differences were detected between the two selection strategies. However, Strategy II did produce advanced lines with greater nonprotected yields than did Strategy I, with the best F₆ line, in three out of four crosses, coming out of Strategy II. Late generation selection is recommended over early generation selection. Results of the new leafhopper breeding scheme, based on yield, are compared to the old breeding scheme where selections were made using visual selection practices in early generations.     

不同浓度纤维素酶在双红葡萄酿酒中对颜色的影响

以‘双红’山葡萄为试材,通过用纤维素酶处理,对葡萄进行色素提取。结果表明:红色素最大吸收波长为530 nm。得出0.03 mol/L浓度的纤维素酶水溶液的色素提取效果最好,在料液比为1∶10,浸提温度40℃条件色素浸出率较高。颜色指标稳定后,0.03 mg/L的纤维素酶处理组L*值为26.9,透明度最低;a*值为18.6,红色色调最大;c*值为29.1,颜色最深;H*值为-53.6,红色色调最重。酿酒过程中以0.03 mg/L的纤维素酶处理组的全过程曲线波动最小,颜色最稳定。     

竹醋液对田间防治斜纹夜蛾和茶小绿叶蝉的增效研究

 分别在棉田和茶园开展了添加不同浓度的竹醋液对5%氟铃尿防治斜纹夜蛾1~2龄幼虫和10%吡虫啉防治茶小绿叶蝉的增效研究，结果表明：5%氟铃尿添加稀释400倍竹醋液防治斜纹夜蛾1~2龄幼虫，施药后7d增效作用显著，施用农药推荐剂量的一半可达到推荐剂量的防效。10%吡虫啉添加稀释400倍竹醋液防治茶园茶小绿叶蝉，施药后1d、3d和7d、11d增效作用均显著，施药后1d、3d施用农药推荐剂量的一半可达到推荐剂量的防效，但添加稀释600倍竹醋液，施药后1d增效作用显著，施药后3d、7d和11d增效作用不显著。     

假眼小绿叶蝉白僵菌优良菌株筛选及其应用研究

从假眼小绿叶蝉僵虫筛选到1株对若虫、成虫毒杀作用明显的白僵菌菌株Be2,并选用4株不同来源的白僵菌菌株进行了室内和田间毒力生物测定,结果表明,Be2菌株毒力最强,若虫、成虫死亡率高达95%以上,是可用于田间防治的生产菌株。利用该优良菌株应用于大量生产,菌粉平均含孢量达259.46×108/g,平均孢子萌发率达97.43%。通过大面积示范应用,取得了显著的防治效果。     

福建主要茶区茶小绿叶蝉种名的存疑与鉴别

于2012和2013年在福建省闽北、闽南和闽中等茶区采集茶小绿叶蝉标本,同时结合2006-2008年在武夷山茶区采集的标本,进行物种形态鉴定.先后共鉴定514头雄性茶小绿叶蝉成虫,结果均为小贯小绿叶蝉,所有鉴定标本中未发现假眼小绿叶蝉.因此,笔者对福建省乃至全国各茶区的茶小绿叶蝉种名的归属问题提出质疑,并同意秦道正等(2014)提出的我国茶树小绿叶蝉种类仍需深入探究的观点,建议在全国各茶区展开大范围的茶小绿叶蝉种类调查.     

感染茶假眼小绿叶蝉的金龟子绿僵菌菌株筛选

采用喷雾法测定8株金龟子绿僵菌菌株对假眼小绿叶蝉的致病力。结果表明:以浓度(1±0.5)×107孢子·mL-1的绿僵菌孢子悬液接种12 d后,各菌株对假眼小绿叶蝉均有一定的致病力,校正死亡率和僵虫率分别为(43.08±0.76)%-(76.92±1.72)%和(40.67±1.25)%-(76.67±1.55)%,LT50为6.76-11.48 d。其中,Ma1775菌株对假眼小绿叶蝉致病力最强,校正死亡率和僵虫率分别为(76.92±1.72)%和(76.67±1.55)%,LT50为6.76 d,6 d的LC50为4.156 3×107孢子·mL-1。通过时间—剂量—死亡率模型参数估算,Ma1775菌株对该虫致死效应较强的时间段为3-5 d,该菌株在假眼小绿叶蝉的生物防治中有很大的应用潜力。