辣椒重要农艺性状关联分析与优异等位变异发掘

为了发掘辣椒株高、始花节位、单果质量、果纵径、果横径、果形指数和果肉厚度等重要农艺性状的关联位点和优异等位变异,本研究以194份辣椒核心种质为试验材料,利用广义线性模型(GLM)和混合线性模型(MLM)两种方法,基于分布于辣椒12条染色体的58个SSR标记,对上述7个农艺性状开展了关联分析。结果表明,GLM方法检测到20个SSR关联位点,解释的表型变异率为2.09%~21.91%;MLM方法检测出17个SSR关联位点,能解释2.07%~7.24%的表型变异;有12个位点被两种方法同时检测到;基于关联位点各等位变异的表型效应,发掘出TC7268Sa、CAMS-327a、HpmsE132a、ge35-141pmH0135Ca、CAMS-454c和Hpms2-24a等优异等位变异,筛选出B003、B010、B015、B020、B022、B042、B048、B052、B097、B111、B134、B138、B166、B178、B351、B352、C005、C014、V06C0007、V06C0295、V06C1082、V06C1088、V06C1187、V06C1321、V06C1600、V06C1707、V06C1719和V06C1898等28份优良农艺性状典型种质材料。本研究结果为辣椒相关农艺性状优异基因的发掘、分子标记辅助选择与聚合育种提供了理论指导和材料基础。     

水稻纹枯病抗性关联分析及抗性等位变异发掘

采用苗期微室接种鉴定法,用144个分布于水稻全基因组的多态性标记,利用TASSEL软件GLM(Q)、MLM(Q+K)和MLM(PCA+K)3种模型对456份水稻材料组成的自然群体进行纹枯病抗性关联分析。结果发现,有13个标记位点至少在2种模型中均被检测到与纹枯病抗性显著关联,单个位点可解释表型变异的1.84%～8.42%;其中10个标记位点位于以往报道的连锁定位的抗纹枯病QTL附近,3个标记位点(RM1036、RM5371和RM7585)是未曾报道的新的抗病相关位点。抗性等位变异RM7585-150对纹枯病发病病级减效效应最大;有259份材料携带抗性等位变异RM5371-129,占供试材料总数的56.8%,只有26份材料携带抗性等位变异RM1036-82,占供试材料总数的5.7%。水稻纹枯病发病病级与其含有的抗性等位变异数量呈极显著的负相关。本研究结果将为水稻抗纹枯病分子标记辅助育种提供理论依据。     

Genetic differences between autochthonous and breeding populations of common cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Greece

Individuals were selected for resistance against the imperfect fungus Seiridium cardinale Wag in six common cypress populations (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Greece. A total of 109 resistant clones and 140 trees from their base populations were surveyed at several allozyme loci. The comparison yielded information on changes in genetic variation due to artificial selection. The genetic structure of the breeding populations was similar to their base populations. Nevertheless, the number of rare alleles among the resistant clones had decreased, showing a similar trend at most loci and for most comparisons. Possible implications for breeding strategies are discussed.     

以湖南和湖北大豆[Glycine max（L.）Merr.]为例分析影响遗传多样性评价的因素

以不同来源大豆种质为材料进行基因组SSR分析，探讨大豆遗传多样性研究方法，旨在为科学评价大豆种质资源提供参考。当取样比例相同时，湖北大豆的遗传丰富度显著高于湖南大豆，但两省大豆遗传多样性指数之间没有显著差异。当取样量相同时，利用随机取样法比较，湖南大豆的遗传多样性显著高于湖北，而利用聚类取样比较，两省大豆的遗传多样性没有显著差异。在遗传多样性指数相同情况下，湖北大豆的遗传丰富度显著高于湖南大豆。取样数与三个遗传多样性评价参数（等位变异数、Shannon指数、He）之间均达到显著和极显著相关。以湖南大豆为例，估算出在大豆SSR遗传多样性分析中，至少需要50~60个样本，即占总体9.0%~10.8%的取样比例，才能代表总体的遗传变异。提出在评价大豆遗传多样性时，应用大豆样本数对其遗传多样性指数计算公式进行修正，建议将Shannon指数计算公式改为H＝－lnN ∑P_i lnP_i (N为样本数)。根据修正公式分析，结果表明，湖北大豆的遗传多样性高于湖南大豆。     

self-(in)compatibility almond genotypes: A review

To compile self-(in)compatibility almond genotypes, a review of 133 commercial cultivars of wide geographical origin was made. The information gathered from own and mainly published work will be useful for both grower's cultivar choice when planting and for breeder's cross design when planning. The almond S genotypes compiled were identified using five different methods: biological (pollination tests in the field and in the laboratory) and molecular (RNases, PCR and sequencing). In most cases, genotypes were assigned after combining more than one technique. Cultivars were classified into three categories: self-incompatible (99), self-compatible (16) and doubtful self-incompatible (18). The database is divided in 9 fields (name, origin, parentage, obtention year (crossing, selection or release), S genotype, technique used, reference, consensus genotype, and cross incompatibility group). A study of the 27 S alleles already identified and their geographical distribution within the cultivated almond is also presented. The study was divided into cultivars of known and unknown parentage and the distribution of S alleles frequencies was uneven among the 133 cultivars. S allele frequencies are related to geographical origin. Some alleles (S ₁, S ₅, S ₇ and S ₈) are more frequently observed than the others among cultivars of both known and unknown parentage. In the cultivated almond, the S f allele is only found in the Puglia region, Italy. The S _f frequency is three times higher in cultivars released from breeding programmes than in cultivars selected by growers. From the 351 resulting possible genotypes by combination of the 27 S alleles identified only 20 CIG (0-XIX) have been established, which represents a small fraction of the whole genetic diversity of this polymorphic gene in almond.     

Determination of self-incompatible genotypes in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) accessions and cultivars of the German Fruit Gene Bank and from private collections

Sweet cherries are self-incompatible because of a gametophytic self-incompatibility system. S alleles in the style and pollen determine the crossing relationships. Knowledge of the S allele constitution of cultivars is very important for cherry growers and breeders, and recently, molecular methods have been developed to distinguish the S alleles in sweet cherries. The S allele genotypes of 149 sweet cherry cultivars and clones, including 126 not previously genotyped, were determined by using PCR analysis. Thirteen different S alleles in 40 combinations were distinguished and nine new incompatibility groups were documented. Two new S alleles were identified in five local sweet cherry processing cultivars from southwestern Germany using the second intron primers. The sequence of these alleles was determined and compared to all known sequences available in the NCBI database. The sequences obtained showed high similarities to the alleles S ₁₉ and S ₂₂, previously described only in wild cherries, Prunus avium L.     

Combined use of gliadins and SSRs to analyse the genetic variability of the Spanish collection of cultivated diploid wheat (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum)

This work studied the combined use of gliadins and SSRs to analyse inter- and intra-accession variability of the Spanish collection of cultivated einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) maintained at the CRF-INIA. In general, gliadin loci presented higher discrimination power than SSRs, reflecting the high variability of the gliadins. The loci on chromosome 6A were the most polymorphic with similar PIC values for both marker systems, showing that these markers are very useful for genetic variability studies in wheat. The gliadin results indicated that the Spanish einkorn collection possessed high genetic diversity, being the differentiation large between varieties and small within them. Some associations between gliadin alleles and geographical and agro-morphological data were found. Agro-morphological relations were also observed in the clusters of the SSRs dendrogram. A high concordance was found between gliadins and SSRs for genotype identification. In addition, both systems provide complementary information to resolve the different cases of intra-accession variability not detected at the agro-morphological level, and to identify separately all the genotypes analysed. The combined use of both genetic markers is an excellent tool for genetic resource evaluation in addition to agro-morphological evaluation.     

微卫星标记BM3413和OB_2在5个绵羊群体中多态性的研究

选萨福克羊、德国美利奴羊、特克塞尔羊、乌珠穆沁羊以及右玉本地绵羊5个绵羊群体共250只,通过耳组织提取基因组DNA,用2对微卫星引物进行PCR扩增,通过电泳分型、凝胶成像系统分析各位点等位基因及全部个体的标记基因型,计算基因频率、多态信息含量(PIC)和杂合度等,从分子水平上分析5个绵羊品种的遗传多态性.结果表明:BM3413和OB2这2个位点的等位基因数分别为7和8,多态信息含量PIC＞0.5,杂合度为0.827 1～0.846 7,均属于高度多态性位点,用于作为与生产性能相关的遗传标记是较理想的.