Relationships Among the Feeding Behaviors of a Mirid Bug on Cotton Leaves of Different Ages and Plant Biochemical Substances

Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) tends to feed on young plant tissues. To explore the relationship between stylet probing behaviors of adult A. lucorum and conditions of cotton leaves, we conducted an experiment using electropenetrography (EPG). Behaviors were recorded on four cotton varieties, in relation to thickness and biochemical traits of differently-aged leaves. Cotton leaf age had a significant effect on the probing behavior of A. lucorum but cotton variety did not. One-day-old leaves of A. lucorum received the highest mean number of stylet probes (penetrations) per insect, and longest mean durations per insect of combined stylet probing or its components, cell rupture and ingestion behaviors. All of the leaf traits (thickness and biochemical substances) were similar among these four cotton varieties. Leaf thickness had a significantly negative effect on the same four variables above. Gossypol and tannin also had a negative impact on combined probing duration. Redundancy analysis showed that the four EPG variables were closely related to nutrient substances (amino acids, sugar, and water) while they had the opposite relationship with plant defense substances (gossypol and tannin). On cotton in the seedling stages, A. lucorum fed more readily on the youngest, thinnest leaves in our no-choice EPG experiments. Nutrients and chemical resistance substances determined the probing duration of A. lucorum. Our findings can contribute to better understanding of patterns of feeding and host consumption by A. lucorum, ultimately improving cotton resistance to A. lucorum.     

茶园绿盲蝽防治指标研究

为解决绿盲蝽严重为害春茶、防治指标空缺的问题,根据田间绿盲蝽若虫为害特征,对若虫的田间计数方法进行研究;利用田间试验,测算在不同绿盲蝽虫口密度下茶鲜叶的经济损失率,并结合日照茶区绿盲蝽防治费用和茶鲜叶收益分析,确定日照茶区以虫口密度为测度的绿盲蝽防治指标。结果表明,绿盲蝽在茶丛的活动范围,受到鲜叶密度的影响。鲜叶密度大的茶园,一般在小范围内取食;鲜叶密度小的茶园,在略大的范围内取食。但是无论哪种茶园,其取食活动的茶丛横向范围都在一个不超过直径70 cm的圆内。采摘单芽的区域,绿盲蝽防治指标应为0.99头/千梢;采摘一芽一叶的区域,绿盲蝽防治指标应为1.08头/千梢;采摘一芽一二叶的区域,绿盲蝽防治指标应为1.48头/千梢。以田间绿盲蝽虫口密度为测度的防治指标,具有很高的准确性,为防治费用和茶鲜叶收益与日照类似的茶园提供了科学依据,但由于绿盲蝽若虫田间一般呈聚集分布,且刚孵化若虫虫体较小、生活较隐蔽,不易被发现,应采取多次观察计数的方法,确定虫口密度。     

10种中草药提取物对棉铃虫、绿盲蝽触杀活性研究

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum是两种重要的经济作物害虫。为寻找一种安全高效的防治新手段,本文对10种中草药提取物触杀活性开展了研究。结果表明,在10种中草药提取物中,苦杏仁杀虫活性最高,药后7 d棉铃虫、绿盲蝽校正死亡率分别为65.4%和100%。发现苦杏仁粗提物经不同溶剂萃取后发现,氯仿萃取时析出物对绿盲蝽触杀活性最高,药后7 d校正死亡率可达96.9%。硅胶柱分离结果表明,流分L36-48具有较高的触杀活性,药后7 d校正死亡率为84.7%。本研究评价了10种中草药提取物对棉铃虫和绿盲蝽的触杀活性,并对苦杏仁有效成分开展了初步的分离鉴定,以期为两种害虫高效安全的新型药剂开发提供理论基础。     

新疆地区首次发现绿盲蝽严重为害农作物

2014年7-8月, 在新疆昌吉州玛纳斯县和阿勒泰地区布尔津县见绿盲蝽高密度种群, 玛纳斯县棉花、葡萄等作物上绿盲蝽为害严重, 这是新疆地区绿盲蝽为害农作物的首次报道。     

对绿盲蝽具有杀虫活性Bt菌株的筛选及Cry15Aa蛋白活性的研究

Bt棉有效控制了棉田主要害虫棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera),然而原来处于次要地位的刺吸式口器害虫盲蝽(Heteroptera:Miridae)为害逐年加重,目前对绿盲蝽(Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür)有效的抗虫基因未见报道。本研究以本实验室保存的Bt杀虫基因和菌株为材料,对绿盲蝽进行杀虫活性筛选。利用本实验室先前克隆的Mtx类杀虫基因cry15Aa表达产物进行绿盲蝽杀虫活性测定,研究结果显示Cry15Aa蛋白对绿盲蝽具有一定的杀虫活性。通过杀虫活性测定,获得对绿盲蝽有效的Bt菌株20株;对这些菌株表达蛋白进行质谱鉴定,LC-MS/MS质谱鉴定结果显示,这些菌株可能含有Cry1Aa、Cry1Ab、Cry1Ac、Cry1Ae、Cry1Af、Cry1Ag、Cry1Ah、Cry1Ba、Cry1Be、Cry8Ha等十余种对鳞翅目、鞘翅目害虫有杀虫活性的蛋白片段,并且有4株Bt菌株样品中检出了Mtx类杀虫蛋白Cry15Aa的片段。但是进一步基因鉴定结果表明,这4株菌株并不含有cry15Aa全长基因,推测这些菌株中含有Cry15类的新基因。上述研究结果表明这些菌株中可能存在对盲蝽有效的新型杀虫蛋白。本研究在发现了cry15Aa基因所表达的蛋白对绿盲蝽具有杀虫活性的同时,获得了对绿盲蝽具有杀虫活性的Bt新菌株,对绿盲蝽的生物防治具有重要的意义。     

枣园绿盲蝽越冬卵的分布及粘虫板对其秋季成虫落卵量的影响

为明确山西省太谷地区‘壶瓶枣’枣园绿盲蝽越冬卵分布及粘虫板对绿盲蝽产卵的影响,对该地区不同管理水平的枣园绿盲蝽越冬场所进行调查,并结合室内外饲养观察卵孵化规律,在枣园悬挂黄色粘虫板观察其对绿盲蝽秋季成虫落卵量的影响。结果表明:不同管理水平枣园,绿盲蝽越冬卵分布场所均以枣树断茬口为主,其次是修剪口和中年生枣股,一年生枣股、老年生枣股及翘皮缝也有少量分布;枣园内外的杂草上均发现有少量绿盲蝽越冬卵,而在土壤中几乎没有分布;枣树不同部位卵分布的集中程度不同,卵粒数由多到少顺序为:断茬口枣股修剪口翘皮缝;绿盲蝽越冬卵4月中下旬开始孵化,孵化盛期为4月底到5月初;秋末,挂黄色粘虫板可使绿盲蝽越冬卵数量降低42.88%～87.56%。研究结果对‘壶瓶枣’枣园绿盲蝽的防控具有重要指导意义。     

绿盲蝽交配干扰剂丁酸己酯微囊的制备及田间防治效果

以乙基纤维素为壁材,丁酸己酯为芯材,采用相分离法制备了绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum交配干扰剂丁酸己酯微囊。通过正交试验研究了乳化剂700#、聚乙烯醇、乙酸乙酯及控释剂正十二烷4个因素对丁酸己酯微囊形成的影响,得到最佳制备工艺条件。利用生物显微镜对微囊的形态进行了观察,同时测定了在最优条件下制备的丁酸己酯微囊的载药量、包封率和释放速率等指标,并进行了田间药效试验。结果表明:在乙基纤维素3.0 g、丁酸己酯3.0 g、乳化剂700#1.5 g、聚乙烯醇2.0 g、乙酸乙酯30 m L和正十二烷2.0 g,以及滴加速率为5 m L/min、转速为1 000 r/min条件下制备的丁酸己酯微囊的载药量和包封率分别为21.5%和91.9%,外观较完整,粒径分布较均匀,平均粒径约为301.85μm,缓释效果较好(能持续释放35 d以上)。田间试验结果显示,调查期间悬挂丁酸己酯微囊的样区诱捕到绿盲蝽224头,与对照区相比少442头,表明丁酸己酯微囊对绿盲蝽交配具有干扰作用,可明显减少绿盲蝽繁殖的数量。     

Laboratory Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of the Essential Oil of Allium tuberosum Leaves and Its Selected Major Constituents Against Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae)

The aim of this research was to evaluate acute toxicity of the essential oil of leaves of Chinese chives, Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng (Asparagales: Alliaceae) and its major constituents against Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür (Hemiptera: Miridae). The essential oil of A. tuberosum leaves was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major constituents of the oil were sulfur-containing compounds, including allyl methyl trisulfide (36.24%), diallyl disulfide (27.26%), diallyl trisulfide (18.68%), and dimethyl trisulfide (9.23%). The essential oil of A. tuberosum leaves exhibited acute toxicity against Ap. lucorum with an LD₅₀ value of 20.03 μg per adult. Among the main compounds, diallyl trisulfide (LD₅₀ = 10.13 μg per adult) showed stronger acute toxicity than allyl methyl trisulfide (LD₅₀ = 21.10 μg per adult) and dimethyl trisulfide (LD₅₀ = 21.65 μg per adult). The LD₅₀ value of diallyl disulfide against Ap. lucorum was 28.10 μg per adult. The results indicated that the essential oil of A. tuberosum and its major constituents may have a potential to be developed as botanical insecticides against Ap. lucorum.     

江西转基因抗虫棉苗期棉盲蝽发生规律的研究

江西转基因抗虫棉苗期发生绿盲蝽、中黑盲蝽、杂毛合垫盲蝽3种棉盲蝽,以绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽为主要发生种,绿盲蝽与中黑盲蝽种群为1.54∶1,绿盲蝽为优势种,但具体在各棉苗床上这些盲蝽虫口发生优势差别与附近杂草群落种类有关。棉盲蝽在苗床上虫口增长与附近杂草花期消退、除草剂使用、棉苗移栽晚苗龄大有关。     

绿盲蝽对不同波段光谱选择性的初步测定

采用昆虫行为学方法,在室内初步测定了绿盲蝽对350～750 nm波段内9个不同的单色光谱的趋性差异。结果表明：波长为400 nm和450 nm的光谱对绿盲蝽成虫的引诱效果最佳;绿盲蝽成虫羽化时间的长短对其趋光性没有显著性影响。