烟蚜茧蜂生产中主要病虫害不同防控措施的筛选研究

为筛选出防控烟蚜茧蜂生产中主要病虫害的高效措施， 通过温室试验研究了5种不同目数的尼龙网、 20种单一化学药剂、 3种混剂对烟蚜茧蜂生产中主要病虫害防治效果及对烟蚜茧蜂繁育的影响。结果表明：（1） 70目尼龙网和6%乙基多杀菌素2000倍液能有效控制斑潜蝇、 蓟马、 烟草盲蝽、 斜纹夜蛾、重寄生蜂、 食蚜蝇；（2） 2%氨基寡糖素800倍液 0.3%过磷酸钙溶液能有效防治普通花叶病、 烟草番茄斑萎病毒；（3） 6%乙基多杀菌素 24%腈菌唑1:1比例的2000倍液和25%嘧菌酯1500倍液能有效防治白粉病；（4） 6%荧光假单孢杆菌 2%奈乙酸可湿性粉剂 25%甲霜灵可湿性粉剂能有效防治烟草黑胫病、 根黑腐病， 并且上述措施均对烟蚜茧蜂影响较小。     

阿尔蚜茧蜂对不同龄期豌豆蚜的寄生及后代适合度研究

为了明确阿尔蚜茧蜂(Aphidius ervi Haliday)对寄主豌豆蚜[Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris)]龄期的寄生偏好及其后代适合度特征,在24℃下进行了阿尔蚜茧蜂对不同龄期豌豆蚜的寄生作用研究。结果表明:豌豆蚜被寄生时的龄期大小对阿尔蚜茧蜂的寄生和后代适合度有显著影响(P0.05)。阿尔蚜茧蜂能寄生各发育期豌豆蚜,但对2龄若蚜的寄生率最高(56.67%),其次为1龄若蚜(30.67%),而对4龄若蚜和成蚜的寄生率最低;寄生低龄蚜虫的后代蜂羽化率显著高于寄生高龄若蚜和成蚜。阿尔蚜茧蜂寄生1龄若蚜后,僵蚜出现历期最长(9.47 d),后代蜂羽化历期也最长(5.51 d),随着被寄生时寄主龄期的增大,僵蚜出现历期和后代蜂羽化历期都逐渐缩短;后代蜂发育历期在寄生1龄若蚜时最长(14.85 d),而寄生成蚜时最短(7.87 d)。后代蜂雌性比例在寄生1龄若蚜时最低(24.52%),而寄生成蚜时最高(57.33%),且后代蜂体型随寄主龄期(体型)增大而增大。寄主龄期(体型)与阿尔蚜茧蜂后代适合度呈正相关。因此,从后代适合度的角度,阿尔蚜茧蜂偏好选择龄期(体型)大的寄主寄生,但取得较高的后代适合度的代价是降低其寄生率。说明寄主龄期(体型)大小对阿尔蚜茧蜂的寄生选择及其后代适合度具有重要影响。     

烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead生物学研究——Ⅰ.发育过程和幼期形态

烟蚜茧蜂是寄生于桃蚜等蚜虫的一种重要寄生蜂。幼虫期4龄。在19℃恒温,14h 光照,10h 黑暗,相对湿度70%～90%的条件下,烟蚜茧蜂的发育历期为卵期2～3d,幼虫期6～7d(其中Ⅰ龄幼虫48～60h,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ龄幼虫为24～36h)预蛹期和蛹期3～4d。对烟蚜茧蜂由卵发育到成蜂的各期形态、量度大小和发育情况进行了详细的描述。对这一昆虫在不同的恒温和变温组合下的发育历期进行了测定。试验证明无论恒温和变温,烟蚜茧蜂的发育历期均随温度升高而缩短。发育完成的僵蚜于2～3℃冰箱中保存180d 后仍有30%可正常羽化。     

烟蚜茧蜂繁殖利用概述

烟蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)是为害烟草Nicotina tobaccumL.的一种主要害虫,目前生产上还是以化学杀虫剂为主控制该虫的为害。烟蚜茧蜂是烟蚜的优势寄生天敌,对烟蚜茧蜂寄主、繁殖技术和对烟蚜的控制作用及其规模化应用等方面的研究进展情况进行了概述,并对制约烟蚜茧蜂规模化繁殖利用的主要技术因素进行了探讨,以期为烟蚜茧蜂的规模化繁殖利用研究提供参考。     

A Method for Mass-rearing Aphidius gifuensis(Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)

[Objective] This study presents a method for mass rearing of Aphidius gifuensis, a dominant endoparasitoid of Myzus persicae on tobacco in Southwest China. [Method] The tobacco cultivar Honghuadajinyuan(Nicotiana tabacum) was used as the host plant and M. persicae was the host insect. In a greenhouse, tobacco seedlings were reared in plastic trays. The seedlings at three-true-leaf stage were inoculated with two to three aphids per plant using aphid source with a parasitism rate of 47% ±3.9%. [Result] By this inoculation method, the aphids and parasites were simultaneously inoculated on host plants. After approximately 25 d of rearing, we were able to produce 82.5±5.17 aphid mummies per tobacco seedling. A total of 445 500 aphid mummies were produced in one greenhouse(36 rearing trays per greenhouse) during an approximately 50-day rearing period. The emergence rate was 93.4% ±2.76%, and 54% of the mummies were females. [Conclusion] The demonstrated technological feasibility of using tobacco seedlings for the mass rearing of A. gifuensis increases the potential for the biological control of M. persicae.     

烟蚜茧蜂在烟蚜防治中的应用研究进展

介绍了烟蚜发生及危害特点、烟蚜茧蜂生物学特征及其防治烟蚜机制,并提出了在烟草农业中利用烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜应注意的一些问题。     

田间小棚繁殖烟蚜茧蜂的繁蜂效果研究

研究了田间小棚繁殖烟蚜茧蜂的繁蜂效果,比较了在不同接蜂量和蚜量范围条件下的僵蚜数量及其羽化情况。接蜂量和接蜂时的蚜量是影响僵蚜数量的2个重要因素,以接蜂时的蚜量对繁蜂效果的影响更为明显。在接蜂量为蜂(♀)蚜比1∶100、蚜量范围2 000~3 000头/株的条件下,可获得较好的繁蜂效果,僵蚜的数量可达到8 000个/株以上。在繁蜂前期僵蚜的质量较高,僵蚜的羽化率可保持在90%以上,在繁蜂后期受重寄生蜂的影响,僵蚜的质量明显下降。应用田间小棚繁殖烟蚜茧蜂时,重寄生蜂是影响后期繁蜂质量的重要因素。     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Efficacy of five selected acaricides against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and their side effects on relevant natural enemies occurring in citrus orchards

BACKGROUND: Three groups of natural enemies are fundamental in citrus IPM in Spain: coccinellid and phytoseiid predators and hymenopteran parasitoids. Tetranychus urticae Koch is an important pest affecting citrus, for which biological control has not yet been achieved; therefore, acaricides are commonly used to control it. The goal of this study was to measure the efficacy of different acaricides on this mite and their side effects on three natural enemies relevant for citrus (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, Neoseiulus californicus McGregor and Aphidius colemani Viereck).RESULTS: Some products proved highly effective against T. urticae and harmless to A. colemani (mineral oil, tebufenpyrad, clofentezine and fenazaquin). However, almost all products tested were slightly harmful for both the predators considered. Fenazaquin was even moderately harmful for N. californicus. CONCLUSION: Further studies, like that presented here, are necessary to gain a better understanding of integrating biological and chemical controls. When considering both efficacy and side effects on beneficial arthropods, the best options would seem to be mineral oil, tebufenpyrad and clofentezine. However, it is urgent to complete testing of the side effects of the acaricides used in citrus. This question is crucial if the fact that two recently introduced Tetranychidae are being controlled in citrus by chemical means exclusively is considered.     

麦田蚜茧蜂的初步研究

武昌麦田蚜茧蜂共有5种,以燕麦蚜茧峰、烟蚜茧蜂为优势种;重寄生蜂有三种,以黄足分盾细蜂为优势种。蚜茧蜂4月中、下旬进入麦田,5月中旬种群数量达到高峰:蚜茧蜂种群数量主要受寄主—蚜虫密度和4～5月的雨量,相对湿度的影响。麦田蚜茧蜂对麦蚜有一定的控制作用,寄生率最高可达40％以上。解决好重寄生和跟随现象的问题,可提高好苗蜂对麦蚜的控制效果。