产2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚的微生物研究进展

在土壤环境中,大多数2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚(2,4-DAPG)是由荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)产生的。它在生物防治中具有重要作用。对近年来2,4-DAPG的生物合成及调控机理,2,4-DAPG在诱导系统抗性(ISR)的机制,2,4-DAPG的生物反应模式、生态效应,荧光假单胞菌农田生物防治应用实例等相关研究进行了综述。     

Condensation reactions of phenolic resins III: self-condensations of 2,4-dihydroxymethylphenol and 2,4,6-trihydroxymethylphenol (1)

This study reexamined the kinetics of the condensation reactions of hydroxymethylphenols with the purpose of elucidating the reaction mechanisms. This report discusses experimental results on the self-condensations of 2,4-dihydroxymethylphenols (2,4-DHMP) and 2,4,6-trihydroxymethylphenol (THMP), focusing on the order of reaction. The relations between the initial rates of reaction and the initial concentrations of reactants were investigated. Results quite different from those of previous reports were obtained. The order of reaction of the selfcondensation of 2,4-DHMP was found to be 1.1, which did not change with the alkali/2,4-DHMP molar ratio. The order of reaction of the self-condensation of THMP was found to vary with both the concentration of THMP and the alkali/THMP molar ratio. In the region of THMP concentrations above 1.5mol/l, the order of reaction was confirmed to be 2.0, which did not change with the alkali/THMP molar ratio. In the region of THMP concentrations below 1.0mol/l, the order of reaction varied with the alkali/THMP molar ratio, showing fractional numbers of 1.2–1.6. These results indicate that unimolecular reaction(s) and bimolecular reaction(s) take place simultaneously as the ratedetermining step in the condensation reactions of 2,4-DHMP and THMP and that the reaction mechanism changes with the species of reactant and, in some cases, with the reaction conditions.Part of this study was presented at the Wood Adhesives 2000 symposium, South Lake Tahoe, Nevada, USA, June 2000     

Effects of Exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on Photosynthetic Physiology of CottonSeedlings under Low Temperature

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on the photosynthetic physiology of cotton seedlings under low temperature and to provide basis for improving the cold tolerance of cotton by using EBR as growth regulator. [Method] Taking CCRI 60, Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3 as materials, a field experiment was carried out in Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS(Anyang county, Henan province). Before the first low temperature treatment, the cotton seedlings were sprayed with distilled water (Control) and different concentrations of EBR (0.1 mg·L^－1 and 0.2 mg·L^－1), respectively. After 3 days, the relative electrical conductivity, chlorophyll content, rapid chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetic curve (OJIP) and fluorescence parameters were measured. [Result] Under low temperature, the relative conductivity of CCRI 60, Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3 spraying with EBR decreased by 17.7%～32.8% compared with control, and there was no significant difference between CCRI 60 and Lumianyan 28 in different concentrations of EBR treatments, butthe relative conductivity of Simian 3 treating with 0.2 mg·L^－1 EBR was significantly lower than those treatments with 0.1 mg·L^－1 EBR . The chl a and chl b contents increased by 9.7%～32.6% and 15.0%～18.9%, respectively. The maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystemⅡ (F_v/F_M) and photosynthetic performance index on absorption basis(PI_ABS) increased significantly. PI_ABS of CCRI 60 increase the maximum by 75.6% using 0.1 mg·L^－1 EBR. Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3 increased the maximum by 101.1% and 265.6% using 0.2 mg·L^－1 EBR, respectively; Absorbed photon flux per cross section (ABS/CSm), electron transport flux (further than QA) per active reactive center (ETo/RC) and probability for electron transport (φEo) are significantly increased. [Conclusion] Exogenous EBR can enhance the ability of low temperature tolerance of cotton seedlings and alleviate the inhibition of photosynthesis in cotton at low temperature. The study showed that 0.1 mg·L^－1 EBR performs well in CCRI 60 and 0.2 mg·L^－1 in Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3.     

Multiple resistance of Papaver rhoeas L. to 2,4‐D and acetolactate synthase inhibitors in four European countries

The issue of cross‐ or multiple resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors and the auxinic herbicide 2,4‐D was investigated in Papaver rhoeas L., a common and troublesome weed in winter cereals, in a broad‐scale study across four European countries. A combination of herbicide sensitivity bioassays and molecular assays targeting mutations involved in resistance was conducted on 27 populations of P. rhoeas originating from Greece (9), Italy (5), France (10) and Spain (3). Plants resistant to the field rate of 2,4‐D were observed in 25 of the 27 populations assayed, in frequencies ranging from 5% to 85%. Plants resistant to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides (sulfonylureas) were present in 24 of the 27 populations, in frequencies ranging from 4% to 100%. Plants resistant to 2,4‐D co‐occurred with plants resistant to sulfonylureas in 23 populations. In four of these, the probability of presence of plants with cross‐ or multiple resistance to 2,4‐D and sulfonylureas was higher than 0.5. ALS genotyping of plants from the field populations or of their progenies, identified ALS alleles carrying a mutation at codon Pro197 or Trp574 in 2,4‐D‐sensitive and in 2,4‐D‐resistant plants. The latter case confirmed multiple resistance to 2,4‐D and ALS inhibitors at the level of individual plants in all four countries investigated. This study is the first to identify individual plants with multiple resistance in P. rhoeas, an attribute rarely assessed in other weed species, but one with significant implications in designing chemical control strategies.     

外源24-表油菜素内酯对逆境胁迫下玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨不同胁迫对玉米种子生物化学特性的影响,采用不同浓度的24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)处理玉米种子,研究Na Cl和低温(15℃)胁迫下,外源EBR对玉米幼苗电解质外渗率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和各生长指标的影响。结果表明,在180 mmol·L~(-1)Na Cl胁迫下,0.050 mg·L~(-1)EBR可以显著缓解Na Cl的胁迫伤害,使玉米种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数显著提高,盐害指数降低;幼苗株高、根长、植株鲜重、相对含水量、根冠比也显著提高;抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT和APX)活性相应增加,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量也相应提高,MDA含量和相对电导率降低。低温(15℃)胁迫下,与正常温度(25℃)相比,0.001~1.000 mg·L~(-1)范围内,EBR对提高玉米株高、根长、单株干鲜重、发芽率均有促进作用,0.100 mg·L~(-1)作用效果最好,对提高发芽势有一定促进作用,但无明显的规律性。由此可知,一定浓度的EBR浸种能缓解盐和低温对玉米的胁迫损伤,其作用机制可能是EBR可以激活细胞合成自由基清除酶的能力,且酶类物质通过相互协调作用减轻胁迫伤害。本研究为玉米的抗逆性研究提供一定的理论依据。     

外源油菜素内酯对茶树光合特性的影响

24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)是一种重要的植物激素,在植物对多种逆境的抵抗中发挥着重要的作用。本试验以田间龙井43、清明早和香菇寮白毫茶树品种为试验材料,研究了外源EBR处理对茶树叶片光合特性、Rubisco与FBPase活性及其相关基因表达量的影响。结果表明外源EBR(0.1 mg·L-1)处理后,龙井43、清明早和香菇寮白毫的叶片净光合速率分别提高了49.06%、45.49%和92.34%;最大羧化速率(Vcmax)分别提高了21.82%、21.68%和33.47%,最大再生速率(Jmax)分别提高了17.16%、23.86%和23.23%;Rubisco和FBPase活性显著提高(P0.05);Rubisco和FBPase相关基因表达量显著(P0.05)提高。可见,外源EBR可以通过调控基因表达提高茶树叶片中Rubisco和FBPase的活性以及Rubisco最大羧化速率和Ru BP的最大再生速率,从而促进茶树光合碳固定,提高茶树的光合速率。     

2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸对不同羊草种子发芽特性的影响

选择吉生和野生羊草种子为试材,分别测定0、0.1、1、5、10 mg·L-1浓度的2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-diehiohenoxyacetic acid,2,4-D)和不同浸种时间(24、48、72 h)对两种羊草种子发芽特征和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,促进吉生和野生羊草种子发芽的2,4-D浓度均维持在0.1～1...     

24-表油菜素内酯对盐碱胁迫下大豆生育、生理及细胞超微结构的影响

【目的】探讨外源EBR(24-表油菜素内酯)对盐碱复合胁迫下大豆的生长指标、生理特性及超微结构的影响,为改善大豆生长、保障粮食安全、实现农业可持续发展奠定基础。【方法】以大豆品种黑农44号为试材,分别在110 mmol·L~(-1)的盐碱复合胁迫条件下培养3 d和7 d进行取材,研究1.2 mg·L~(-1)外源EBR对大豆株高、根系生长,叶片3种抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX)活性,相对电导率、超氧阴离子(O_2~-)产生速率、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量、游离脯氨酸和叶绿素含量以及叶片和根尖细胞超微结构的影响。【结果】盐碱胁迫处理3 d和7 d时,与对照组相比,3种抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、APX)的活性、游离脯氨酸含量、相对电导率、O_2~-产生速率、H_2O_2和MDA含量均升高;各项生长指标、叶绿素含量均降低;叶片细胞结构中叶绿体和线粒体遭到严重破坏;根尖细胞中线粒体、内质网结构破坏较重,液泡破裂。盐碱胁迫条件下,施加外源EBR使大豆的株高、根长和根鲜重分别提高了6.45%、9.60%和19.85%;使大豆叶片SOD、POD、APX的活性显著升高,在3 d和7 d时分别增加了16.92%和9.68%、48.85%和61.44%、19.05%和20.36%;相对电导率、O_2~-产生速率、H_2O_2和MDA的含量显著降低,分别降低了19.58%和28.26%、28.06%和40.92%、28.62%和31.21%、31.03%和37.17%;脯氨酸和叶绿素含量显著升高,分别升高了3.67%和15.96%、13.34%和16.87%;同时维护了大豆叶片和根尖细胞超微结构的稳定性,延缓了细胞的衰老、解体。【结论】在盐碱胁迫下,施加外源EBR通过提高抗氧化酶活性和脯氨酸及叶绿素含量,降低了活性氧(ROS)的积累,维护了细胞结构的完整,促进了幼苗生长,增强了大豆幼苗耐盐碱胁迫的能力。