渭河流域生态功能区划

以渭河流域为研究对象,根据流域生态环境现状,建立合理的指标体系,结合GIS与RS技术对研究区进行区划,并针对各功能区的主导生态功能或主要生态问题制定相应生态环境保护与建设重点。结果表明:渭河流域可被划分为7个生态功能区:①防旱抗旱区;②农业种植区;③牧业发展区;④水源涵养区;⑤防风固沙区;⑥植被保护区;⑦土壤侵蚀控制区。本研究为区域有效开发利用资源,合理制定生态环境保护措施提供科学依据。     

Cigarette dust particles induced lung function injury of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in mice

AIM: To investigate the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive disease (COPD) in mice by using nasal drip of cigarette dust particles (DSP) induced pulmonary function damage model.METHODS: BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control group, LPS 100 mg/L group, DSP 0.75 mL/L group, DSP 1.5 mL/L group and DSP 3 mL/L group for 30 days. The method of nasal drip was used for 30 days to establish the COPD model. Rrs, Ers, Crs, Est, Cst, P-3/8Rn, P-3/8G and P-3/8H were measured for evaluating lung function of the mice in each group by the method of FlexiVent. The effect on the increase of airway resistance induced by methacholine (Mach) was determined using main bronchial rings by Myograph method. The HE, Masson and Resorcinol fuchsin staining of mouse tracheas and lung tissues were conducted. RESULTS: Continuous nasal drip with DSP for 30 days increased Rrs, Ers, Est, P-3/8Rn and decreased Crs, Cst, P-3/8G and P-3/8H in the mice. DSP significantly shifted the dose-effect curve of tracheal contraction induced by Mach to the left, increased the sensitivity of the airway to Mach, and significantly increased the maximal contractile airway effect of Mach. Exposure to DSP caused fibrosis of airway subepithelial, deposition of collagen in the airway basement membrane under the reticular plate, induced reticular plate thickening, pulmonary bronchial lumen serious deformation, and the inflammatory cell infiltration in the lung of mice. Significantly increased alveolar wall muscle fibers and collagen fibers were also observed. CONCLUSION: The lung function and pathomorphological changes of COPD mice induced by 30 days nasal drip of cigarette dust particles were similar to those of human COPD.     

呼伦贝尔煤电基地地下水化学特征及其影响因素

【目的】查清呼伦贝尔煤电基地的水资源质量。【方法】现场采集和收集了81件地下水(其中潜水42件,承压水39件)化学样品进行水质检测。通过描述性统计分析、溶解性总固体(TDS)的分布以及水化学类型的分析,进行研究区的地下水水化学特征研究;通过离子交换和岩石溶滤以及蒸发浓缩分析了其影响因素,最后根据熵权-密切值法评价了地下水的水质情况。【结果】研究区潜水和承压水均属于碱性水,平均硬度值分别为254.81 mg/L和208.22 mg/L,阳离子均以Na~+、Ca~(2+)为主,阴离子以HCO_3~-、Cl-为主;TDS均为高平原向平原及河谷区逐渐变低,且超过1 000 mg/L的区域基本位于高平原上;潜水含水层的水化学类型主要为Ca?Na-HCO_3以及Ca?Na?Mg-HCO_3,承压含水层的水化学类型主要为Na-HCO_3·Cl以及Na·Ca·Mg-HCO_3。【结论】地下水中Na~+是通过含水介质中的Na~+与地下水中的Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)交换而得到,水化学特征主要受含钠和钙硅酸盐的溶滤作用影响,采矿活动对其影响基本可忽略,农田灌溉对地下水中NH4+和NO2-有一定的影响。潜水和承压水的水质普遍较差,在河谷区和平原区下地下水水质较好。相关研究成果旨在为呼伦贝尔煤电基地水资源规划和优化配置提供一定的参考价值。     

疫病净化对动物后代繁育的影响研究——基于全国297个规模化养鸡场的实证分析

2012年,国务院提出了《国家中长期动物疫病防治规划(2012—2020年)》,要求对16种动物疫病逐步进行控制、净化和消除。基于此,本文利用全国297个规模养鸡场的调查数据,采用随机效应模型,分析疫病净化对养鸡场动物后代繁育的影响。结果表明,已净化养鸡场的日最高产蛋率、种蛋合格率、种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率分别比未净化养鸡场高1.091%、1.090%、0.892%、0.528%。相比已净化养鸡场与未净化养鸡场之间后代繁育指标的差异,净化不同病种带来的差异较小。增加疫苗投入、减少兽药使用、合理设置技术人员数量可有效提升鸡群的后代繁育能力,采用封闭式的栏舍、非笼养的饲养方式、非自繁自养的引种方式以及整批的出栏方式可在某种程度上提高养鸡场动物的后代繁育能力。全国7个区域中,华北地区养鸡场的后代繁育能力最强。建议国家加强对疫病净化的宣传,积极组织疫病净化方面的培训和交流。养鸡场在开展疫病净化的同时,重视疫苗免疫工作,尽可能减少兽药的使用,有效地聘用技术人员。     

MacCormack算法在长输管道瞬变流动仿真中的应用

为了提高长输管道仿真精度和速率,基于MacCormack格式基本原理和流动方程建立了长输液体管道水力瞬变流动仿真模型。以某管道为例,分别采用该仿真算法和特征线法模拟了阀门关闭和流量增加引起的瞬变流动,并探讨了MacCormack格式中不同边界条件处理方法及Courant常数值对模拟结果的影响。结果表明:MacCormack格式可用于精确仿真长输管道瞬变流动过程,采用特征线法求解预估层边界参数后,其振荡幅度、收敛速度均优于特征线仿真方法;同时,采用特征线法处理MacCormack格式边界条件较线性外插法更易收敛。研究成果可为长输管道瞬变流动仿真提供参考。     

夹竹桃花挥发油的GC-MS分析及β-葡萄糖苷酶对夹竹桃花的增香和豚鼠离体子宫平滑肌的作用

目的:建立夹竹桃花挥发油GC-MS的色谱分离鉴定方法,分析夹竹桃花挥发油的化学成分和对豚鼠离体子宫平滑肌的作用。方法:采用挥发油提取器提取夹竹桃花挥发油,以GC-MS法进行分析鉴定,建立了豚鼠离体子宫模型。结果:分别从无酶和有酶的夹竹桃花挥发油提取物中确证了58和57个化合物,挥发油对豚鼠离体子宫平滑肌有收缩作用。结论:对夹竹桃的挥发油化学成分进行了比较分析结果表明,β-葡萄糖苷酶对夹竹桃花有较弱增香作用,也能增加豚鼠离体子宫平滑肌收缩。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒Core蛋白的原核表达及多克隆抗体制备

为制备牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)的Core蛋白及其多克隆抗体,根据Core蛋白的编码基因序列,设计合成一对特异性引物,利用RT-PCR扩增BVDV Core基因并定向插入Pet30a载体中,构建重组质粒Pet30a-Core,经酶切鉴定后转化大肠埃希菌TOP 10感受态细胞,筛选获得阳性重组菌,以IPTG进行诱导后成功表达出分子质量为20 ku的重组Core蛋白。将诱导表达的蛋白产物经融合蛋白的Ni柱亲和法进行纯化,利用纯化的重组蛋白免疫新西兰白兔制备多克隆抗体,并利用间接ELISA法测出多克隆抗体效价达到1∶512 000。蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)和间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)证实,多克隆抗体可与细胞中的BVDV抗原发生反应,具有良好的免疫原性和特异性。本实验成功制备了BVDV重组Core蛋白的兔源多克隆抗体,为BVDV的检测及其Core蛋白功能研究奠定了基础。     

中国森林火灾发生规律及预测模型研究

量化分析森林火灾发生规律能为预测和防治森林火灾提供科学依据。文中采用四参数Weibull分布描述了我国森林火灾发生次数和火场面积分布规律，运用Spearman相关系数分析承灾主体因子、灾害管理因子、孕灾环境因子与森林火灾发生次数、面积间关系，基于全国森林火灾数据分别建立灰色系统理论模型、BP人工神经网络模型和时间序列ARIMA模型，并采用Markov随机过程改进已建立模型。结果表明，我国森林火灾发生次数分布呈左偏正态分布，火场面积呈倒J型分布，火灾次数和火场面积分布模型拟合决定系数分别为0.63和0.66；承灾主体、孕灾环境和灾害管理对森林火灾次数和火场面积影响程度依次减小，人工林面积、累年年平均气温、年降雨量平均差值、年最低气温平均日数与森林火灾发生具有明显相关性，影响森林火灾的因子与森林火灾发生次数、火场面积间存在指数型关系；不同模型对森林火灾发生次数和火场面积拟合优度次序为BP模型、GM（1，1）-Markov模型、BP-Markov模型、GM（1，1）模型、ARIMA模型、ARIMA-Markov模型，采用Markov过程能显著改进GM（1，1）预测模型对火灾随机性的预测效果，可以更好地反映森林火灾发生规律。     

Application of modified Deep Belief Network in Forecasting Cotton Diseases and Insect Pests

[Objective] The occurrence and development of cotton diseases and insect pests are mainly related to environmental information. Because this environmental information is various, complex and unstable, the study on the prediction methods of cotton diseases and insect pests is a certain challenge. This study aims to establish a forecasting model for the timely and accurate prediction of cotton diseases and insect pests. [Method] A forecasting model of cotton diseases and insect pests is proposed based on environmental information and a modified Deep Belief Network (DBN) that is constructed by a three-layer restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) and a supervised back-propagation (BP) network. In the method, the RBM is used to transform the original environmental information vectors into a new feature space related to the diseases and pests; the BP network is trained to classify and forecast the features generated by the last RBM layer and two rules of dynamic learning and comparison and dispersion are adopted to accelerate the training process of RBM. The proposed model was validated on a dataset of cotton bollworm, aphids, spider, cotton Verticillium wilt, and Fusarium wilt in a recent six-year period. [Result] Compared with the traditional prediction models of cotton diseases and insect pests, the proposed model can deeply explore the extensive correlation between the occurrence of cotton diseases and pests and environmental information. The results show that the proposed model has a higher accuracy compared with the classical predictive models, and the average forecasting accuracy is above 83%. [Conclusion] The proposed method is an effective crop disease and pest forecasting method that can provide a technical support for preventing cotton disease and insect pests.     

生物炭对砒砂岩与沙复配土壤理化性状及辣椒生长的影响

为探究生物炭对砒砂岩与沙复配土壤肥力提升和作物生长的影响。通过盆栽试验,研究不同添加量的生物炭对辣椒生物学性状、产量以及复配土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明:复配土比例为1∶1时,A2处理使茎叶鲜质量、干质量增加81.4%、80.5%,单果长、单果茎粗增加15.1%、21.0%,土壤有效磷含量增加11.08 mg·kg-1,对土壤pH和全盐量影响不大。复配土比例为1∶2时,B2处理下果实鲜质量、干质量增加39.7%、40.2%,茎叶鲜质量、干质量增加28.1%、29.5%、根鲜质量、干质量增加35.0%、22.0%,单果长、单果茎粗分别增加12.1%、13.0%,单株结果数增加119.8%,产量最高且土壤pH和盐分变化不大。复配土为1∶5时,添加生物炭对辣椒生长发育和产量积累产生抑制。因此,该试验条件下,建议1∶1和1∶2的复配土生物炭添加量为2%,1∶5的复配土不建议施用生物炭。