Large-scale distribution patterns of the mussel Mytilus edulis in the Wadden Sea of Schleswig-Holstein: Do storms structure the ecosystem?

The distribution of mussel beds in the Wadden Sea of Schleswig-Holstein was mapped by aerial surveys from 1989 to 1991. The number of mussel beds decreased from 94 in 1989 to 49 in 1990, as a result of severe storms in early 1990. Thereafter only small changes were observed. The mussel beds that remained in 1990 were found only in the shelter of islands; all beds in exposed areas had disappeared between the surveys of 1989 and 1990, leaving large areas without mussel beds. Storms are thus identified as a major factor limiting the distribution of mussel beds to the sheltered parts of the Wadden Sea. Beds in the exposed parts of the Wadden Sea are highly dynamic, whereas beds in sheltered areas may persist over long times. A comparison with distribution patterns of older surveys (from 1937, 1968 and 1978) revealed great similarities with the results of recent investigations, indicating a constant distribution pattern over a long period.The results are discussed in relation to eutrophication and the structure of the benthic communities of the Wadden Sea. It is concluded that any eutrophication-induced increase of the mussel population would be restricted to the sheltered parts of the Wadden Sea. Storms will largely determine whether the communities of a given area have to compete with mussels, which are most important filter feeders of the ecosystem. As competition for food is a major factor structuring the benthic communities of the Wadden Sea, it is assumed that storms indirectly affect all other communities, giving deeper-burying, storm-tolerant species a competitive advantage in exposed areas where epibenthic mussels are excluded. The impact of mussel fisheries will be different for persisting and dynamic beds: fishing on persisting beds in sheltered areas may remove the crucial reserve which mussel-feeding birds such as eiders or oystercatchers need in times of low mussel populations.     

Empirical assessment of water management institutions in northern China

We examine the development of irrigation management in northern China using data from village and household panels. During the past decade, reform-oriented institutions, such as water user associations and contracting, have largely replaced the traditional institution of collective management in village-level irrigation systems. A feature unique to China is that water user associations and contractors are provided with monetary incentives to save water. Water user associations have not yet achieved the broad-based participation of farmers that some advocates consider as a primary goal for forming the associations. Many village leaders serve also as the leaders of water user associations, thus possibly reducing opportunities for receiving operational input and policy direction from farmers. However, we observe improved performance of irrigation systems managed by water user associations, relative to collective management, in terms of maintenance expenditures, the timeliness of water deliveries, and the rates of fee collection. Performance has improved also in systems managed by contractors, although not as substantially as in the case of water user associations.