考虑雷诺数和形状影响的坝岸根石水平水流拖曳力系数修正

对于水利工程坝岸散抛根石冲揭失稳,水流作用下根石的拖曳力是重要的力学分析参数。该文基于黄河坝岸散抛根石的形状参数特征,利用水槽试验量测球体及不同形状块体受水流作用的水平拖曳力,研究雷诺数、物体形状指标与拖曳力相关关系及变化规律,明确影响因素,率定双因素影响下块体的拖曳力系数函数。结果表明,水下球体或近似球状物体的拖曳力系数,基本不受水流及物体形态影响,拖曳力系数趋于0.40～0.56;有棱角块体的水流拖曳力系数,块体雷诺数小于3×104的影响区域,系数函数呈双曲线趋势变化;块体雷诺数大于3×104的影响区域,迎水面宽高比不大于侧立面长高比,拖曳力系数趋于0.80～0.90,迎水面宽高比大于侧立面长高比,拖曳力系数趋于1.00～1.10。进一步通过试验修正了水流作用下不同形态物体的水平拖曳力系数,提出了块体雷诺数、形状参数双因素影响下物体水平拖曳力系数函数,得到了以不同物体来流方向投影响面积为基准的水平拖曳计算公式,经拟合公式的合理性分析与验证,拖曳力系数拟合优度达到0.90以上,平均相对误差为8.7%;修正后拖曳力平均相对误差仅为7.5%,公式计算效果良好,更准确地反映散抛根石的水下受力特征,为分析水下抛石受水流冲击离散形态提供理论依据。     

油浴热处理对竹材干缩性和力学性能的影响

为了探明竹材独特结构和油浴热处理对竹材干缩性和力学性能的协同影响，本研究以机油为导热介质对毛竹进行油浴热处理，分析了不同热处理温度（150、180、210℃）和不同处理时间（1、3、5 h）条件下竹材干缩性及力学性能的变化情况。结果表明：经过热处理后，竹材含水率和横向干缩率均有下降，表明高温热处理克服了竹材亲水性强和干缩性差的缺点。但是经过热处理后，竹材的力学性能总体呈下降趋势。在同样的热处理条件下，带青带黄竹材的物理力学性能均高于去青去黄竹材，说明保留竹材的竹青竹黄对热处理十分有利，且同时能提高竹材的利用率。     

植物工厂生菜根际通风对冠层和根际环境影响

随着植物工厂规模的不断扩大,传统环控方式难以实现各处均匀通风,环控效果难以保证,能源利用效率较低。该研究针对这一问题,提出了根际通风方法,使植物工厂环境空气流经水培系统中营养液面与栽培板之间的空气层后进入植物冠层下部,实现高效的通风。该文以成熟期的生菜作为试材,在同一环境条件下对低速连续通风(LCRV)、高速间隔通风(HIRV)与传统通风方式(CEC)下生菜冠层及根际环境参数变化进行对照,测试其通风调温效果。结果表明,各处理空气层温度均低于环境温度,湿度则普遍高于环境。其中,LCRV温度最低,与环境温差能够达到4.07℃;CEC湿度最高,可达100%。在冠层下部,LCRV温度低于环境3.47℃;CEC湿度较环境提高27.56%;该区域CO2浓度在LCRV作用下较CEC高139×10~(-6)。随着高度的增加与冠层遮挡的减小,根际通风对冠层上部环境参数的影响逐渐削弱,LCRV温度仍为最低,但其温差已经缩小至0.75℃,CEC温度则高于环境0.84℃;各处理相对湿度与环境的差异也有所减小,数值最高的LCRV较环境高15.8%。在营养液中,LCRV液温较CEC降低4.03℃;HIRV大幅减缓了溶解氧下降趋势,试验结束时仍维持在3.8 mg/L,同期LCRV和CEC处理只有1.8 mg/L。由此可见,传统环控方式下冠层与环境参数差异明显,以环境参数作为调控依据不够准确;相比之下,根际通风在解决传统环控方式通风温控不均匀的同时,对地上部及地下部多种微环境参数调控起到了积极作用,降低环控要求,提高空调温控效率,具有推广价值。     

风积沙掺量对冻融-碳化耦合作用下混凝土耐久性的影响

针对寒区农业水利工程中混凝土的实际服役环境,利用风积沙等质量替代部分天然河砂制备不同风积沙替代率的混凝土为研究对象进行冻融循环-碳化耦合试验。分析冻融循环-碳化耦合作用下风积沙混凝土的损伤过程,借助核磁共振仪探讨了混凝土的孔隙结构演变与其耐久性之间的联系。试验结果表明,每个试验周期中,经历相同冻融循环次数和碳化时间,但作用顺序不同的情况下,冻融循环-碳化作用对混凝土造成的损伤大于碳化-冻融循环作用;当风积沙替代率由0增加至40%时,混凝土的初始孔隙度降低,同时试验中的质量损失率和相对动弹性模量变化减小;混凝土内部凝胶孔和少害孔占比对其孔隙度和相对动弹性模量具有主导作用,当凝胶孔和少害孔占比之比在5～25之间时相对动弹性模量和孔隙度变化不超过1%,在0～5之间减小时相对动弹性模量和孔隙度变化明显;风积沙的加入改善了混凝土的孔隙分布,风积沙替代率为40%的风积沙混凝土表现出良好的抗冻融、抗碳化能力。该研究可为风积沙混凝土在寒区农业水利工程中的研究与应用提供依据。     

穴播条件下地膜覆盖及播种量对春小麦土壤水盐分布的影响

[目的]在河套平原开展了地膜覆盖及穴播量对春小麦土壤水盐分布的影响研究,为减轻土壤盐渍化,提高土壤水分利用效率,实现精量化播种,促进地膜春小麦生产提供科学指导。[方法]以穴播不同量(穴播量分别为8粒,10粒,12粒,14粒和16粒)的露地春小麦为对照,监测穴播不同量的地膜春小麦对土壤水分、盐分分布及春小麦产量的影响。[结果]地膜覆盖与露地穴播的土壤水分均随穴播量的增加而降低;且从播种至灌浆期不同穴播量间的差异随着春小麦的生长而增大。相同穴播量下地膜覆盖的土壤水分在孕穗期前高于露地,扬花期后则低于露地;整个生长期地膜覆盖的耗水量略高于露地。地膜覆盖与露地穴播的土壤盐分均随穴播量的增加而降低但无显著差异,相同穴播量下地膜覆盖0—30 cm土层土壤盐分显著低于露地,30 cm土层以下则与露地基本一致。地膜覆盖与露地穴播的土壤水分利用效率均随穴播量的增加而增加,相同穴播量下地膜覆盖的春小麦产量和水分利用效率、水分产出率高于露地,千粒重和经济系数则低于露地。露地穴播的产量及水分产出率均以穴播14粒的最高,地膜覆盖的产量以穴播12粒的最高,水分产出率以穴播10粒的最高。[结论]地膜覆盖可降低0—30 cm土层土壤盐分,提高土壤水分利用效率,河套平原地膜春小麦的适宜穴播量应为当地常规露地条播量的70%至84%,即穴播10至12粒。     

秸秆复合有机酿热物对大棚土壤环境的影响

为解决黑龙江省早春大棚土壤温度低及设施土壤环境恶化问题,以‘千禧’番茄为材料,研究秸秆+牛粪(NGH)、秸秆+马粪(MGH)、秸秆+羊粪(YGH)、单一秸秆(JG),以未进行反应堆技术为对照(CK),对早春大棚‘千禧’番茄土壤温度、土壤理化性状、酶活性及微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,各处理降低了土壤pH,提高了土壤温度、土壤EC、碱解氮、速效钾、有机质含量及土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性。经过秸秆生物反应堆处理的20 cm土层温度有明显的提升,其中秸秆+羊粪处理在反应启动后提升土壤温度效果最好;秸秆+羊粪(YGH)处理提高了土壤速效磷含量,是对照的2倍;秸秆+羊粪(YGH)处理土壤中4种酶活性均处于最高水平,分别比对照提高了91.9%、220%、18.5%、7.3%。各处理微生物多样性指数均显著高于对照,变化规律一致为秸秆+羊粪(YGH)>秸秆+牛粪(NGH)>秸秆+马粪(MGH)>秸秆(JG)>对照(CK);秸秆+羊粪(YGH)及秸秆+牛粪(NGH)处理对糖类、氨基酸类、酯类、醇类、胺类、酸类6类碳源的利用能力最强,显著高于其他处理和对照。应用主成分分析和聚类分析方法将大棚番茄土壤分为4个等级,秸秆+羊粪(YGH)处理为第一级,秸秆+牛粪(NGH)处理为第二级,秸秆+马粪(MGH)及单一秸秆(JG)处理为第三级,对照(CK)为第四级。应用秸秆复合有机酿热物生物反应堆促进了土壤环境的改善,以秸秆+羊粪(YGH)作为复合有机酿热物效果最佳。     

Seaweed polysaccharide mitigates intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli through NF-κB pathway suppression in porcine intestinal epithelial cells

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanism of seaweed polysaccharide (SWP) on intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by E. coli in an IPEC-J2 model. A preliminary study was done to screen optimum SWP concentrations by cell viability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and proliferation evaluation. The regular study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of SWP against E. coli challenge via the analysis of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), tight junction proteins, NF-κB signalling pathway, proinflammatory cytokines and the E. coli adhesion and invasion. Our results show that 4 h E. coli challenge down-regulated tight junction proteins expression, decreased TEER, activated NF-κB signalling pathway and increased proinflammatory response, which indicates that the E. coli infection model was well-established. Pre-treatment with 240 μg/ml SWP for 24 h alleviated the 4 h E. coli -induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, as evidenced by the up-regulated expression of Occludin, Claudin-1 and ZO-1 at both mRNA and protein level and the increased TEER of IPEC-J2 cells. Pre-incubation with 240 μg/ml SWP for 24 h inhibited the activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway by 4 h E. coli challenge, including the decreased mRNA expression of TLR-4, MyD88, IκBα, p-65, as well as the reduced ratio of protein expression of p-p65/p65. Also, pre-treatment with 240 μg/ml SWP for 24 h decreased proinflammatory response (IL-6 and TNF-α) induced by 4 h E. coli challenge and decreased the E. coli adhesion and invasion. In conclusion, SWP mitigated intestinal barrier dysfunction caused by E. coli through NF-κB pathway in IPEC-J2 cells and 240 μg/ml SWP exhibited better effect. Our results also provide a fundamental basis for SWP in reducing post-weaning diarrhoea of weaned piglets, especially under E. coli -infected or in-feed antibiotic-free conditions.     

Effect of miRNA-33 on ABCA1/ABCG1 expression in RAW264.7 macrophage-derived foam cells after Hcy treatment

AIM:To study whether homocysteine (Hcy) inhibits the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) by microRNA-33 (miRNA-33) signaling, and reduces the efficiency of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT).METHODS:RAW264.7 macrophages were induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to establish foam cell model. Oil red O staining was used to determine whether the model was established successfully. miRNA-33 mimics and miRNA-33 inhibitor were transfected into the cells by Lipofectamine 2000, and the cells were exposed to Hcy at concentration of 5 mmol/L for 24 h. The intracellular lipid droplets were observed by Oil red O staining. The expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 at mRNA and protein levels was determined by real-time PCR and Western blot. The cellular cholesterol content was analyzed by HPLC, and effluent rate of cholesterol was detected by the method of liquid scintillation counting.RESULTS:Compared with blank control group, the lipid content in miRNA-33 mimics group was increased, and the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 at mRNA and protein levels was decreased (P<0.05). The intracellular cholesterol content was increased gradually (P<0.05), and the cellular cholesterol efflux rate was gradually decreased (P<0.05) in miRNA-33 mimics group. Compared with blank control group, the testing results in miRNA-33 inhibitor group were the opposition of those in miRNA-33 mimics group (P<0.05). No diffe-rence of the above indexes among blank control group, miRNA-33 mimics-NC group and miRNA-33 inhibitor-NC group was observed.CONCLUSION:Hcy inhibits the mRNA and protein expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 through miRNA-33 signaling, and reduces the efficiency of RCT in RAW264.7 macrophage-derived foam cells.     

食品安全国家标准GB 2763—2016对葡萄的新要求

《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB 2763—2016)对食品中农药残留的种类、最大残留限量及检测方法均提出了较多的新要求。对新标准中涉及葡萄或浆果类水果规定的变化进行了归纳,并与国际上的相关标准进行对比,旨在为有关产业的发展提供参考。