两种光照下低海拔引种云锦杜鹃的光合作用日变化

以移栽的野生云锦杜鹃Rhododendron fortunei为材料,使用LI-6400便携式光合作用仪,分析10%光照和全光照下低海拔区域引种云锦杜鹃的光合日变化,结果显示10%光照下生长的云锦杜鹃蒸腾速率低于全光照下生长的云锦杜鹃,而水分利用效率高于全光照下云锦杜鹃的60.17%。两种光照下的云锦杜鹃净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化呈现"单峰"型。全光照下净光合速率下降是非气孔限制引起的,而10%光照下则为气孔限制引起。研究说明种植在低海拔环境的云锦杜鹃喜光的特性并不因为温度高而改变,但夏季遮荫措施还是有必要的。     

我国CSA社会企业实施的缘起·优势·挑战及发展路径 ——以分享收获农场经营为例

为应对规模化农业发展带来的食品安全、人地紧张和生态环境问题,我国引入CSA(社区支持农业)模式.以我国发展起步较早的分享收获农场经营为例,分析CSA社会企业的实施,不但有助于解决严峻的食品安全问题、缓解人地紧张矛盾、破除生态环境困局,还是实现振兴乡村、传承中国农耕文明的重要推手.当前,我国食品安全CSA社会企业发展中面临不小的挑战,应通过内外部调整以应对,包括:完善制度设计和政府规划、企业提高诚信水平、充分利用大数据提升企业生产经营水平.     

高温催芽技术对水稻种子发芽及秧苗素质的影响

根据高温催芽机促进水稻种子发芽机理,设计不同温度处理对种子发芽情况进行研究,并对不同时期秧苗素质(发芽率、出苗整齐度、干物质量等指标)进行分析,探明其与常规催芽方式的差异.结果表明:温度较高的处理(50℃和60℃)较对照种子根发根速度快,同时壮苗比例也有明显的提高;高温处理对水稻干物质积累分配有明显差异,地上部茎叶的分配比例(21.95％)要明显高于地下部根系(15.31％),更有利于促进秧苗地上部的生长.大田试验表明,60℃处理的水稻种子发芽率比对照下降5％,但壮苗率增加3.5％,田间出苗整齐,秧苗壮,成熟期水稻产量及其结构明显高于常规种子处理.     

不同种植模式对土壤质量及马铃薯生长的影响

为探究轮作藜麦、玉米及连作对马铃薯根系生理及根系发育的影响及其机制,比较了3种种植模式(轮作藜麦、轮作玉米及连作)对马铃薯根际土壤微环境、根系生理、根系发育及植株生长的影响,以期为减轻马铃薯连作障碍、筛选较好的轮作模式提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)轮作藜麦、玉米明显降低土壤pH,提高土壤中有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量,增强土壤肥力相关酶的活性,增加土壤细菌、放线菌数量和细菌与真菌数量比值(B/F),降低真菌数量,改善马铃薯根际土壤微环境,对植株生长发育起到促进作用,表现在马铃薯的株高、茎粗、地上部干重、根干重、单株薯重均有一定程度的增加。(2)轮作藜麦、玉米使得马铃薯根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性上升,超氧阴离子产生速率下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量减少,渗透调节物质含量增加,表明通过轮作藜麦和玉米使得连作对马铃薯植株造成的胁迫得到了一定程度缓解。(3)轮作藜麦、玉米显著提高了马铃薯根系总根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径和根尖数,说明轮作藜麦及玉米促进了马铃薯根系的生长发育,这与轮作藜麦及玉米改善土壤理化性质、生物学性质及促进马铃薯地上部分的发育相对应。比较轮作藜麦及轮作玉米的整体表现,以轮作玉米调控马铃薯连作障碍的效果较好。     

新疆杨树/紫花苜蓿林草复合系统中根系分布特征及生产力

为了解杨树（Populus L.）/紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）林草复合系统中两种植物根系的分布及相互关系，利用WinRHIZOTM对3 a生紫花苜蓿和7 a生杨树在单作和间作条件下0~60 cm土层中的根长密度（RLD）、平均根直径（ARD）和比根长（SRL）的分布进行测定分析。结果表明：间作紫花苜蓿RLD降低了10.01%~54.29%，20~60 cm土壤中紫花苜蓿ARD降低了11.15%~37.30%, 间作苜蓿的SRL比单作苜蓿高10.52%~28.78%；间作增加了 0~40 cm土层中杨树ARD的20.36%~28.08%，增加了苜蓿种植区域0~20 cm土层中杨树RLD的15.51%~34.23%。杨树SRL受到的影响较小，仅在8月5日的0~20 cm 土层中测得单作和间作SRL存在差异，单作杨树SRL比间作杨树高14.46%。单作和间作苜蓿的最高产量均在第一次收获时期，间作降低了苜蓿的产量，在第一次、第二次和第三次收获中产量分别降低了24.7%、30.9% 和 43.7%，与单作苜蓿相比，杨树/紫花苜蓿林草复合系统中苜蓿的总产量减少了31.2%。通过计算土地当量比，发现杨树与紫花苜蓿复合经营为杨树林带增加了额外来自紫花苜蓿的收入，能够提高系统41%的生产力。综上所述，林草复合系统中紫花苜蓿根系分布及生长受到了不利影响，而杨树根系受到了有利的影响。相比单作种植，林草复合系统有较高的生产力和资源利用效率，具有提高新疆地区防护林带生态和经济回报率的潜能。     

农户参与"生态桥"工程项目的认知与意愿分析

通过问卷调查北京平谷大桃种植户"生态桥"工程项目的参与现状,掌握种植户对生态农业认知及其参与情况,了解影响现阶段"生态桥"工程项目农户满意度的原因,并基于此提出改善状况的对策建议,帮助政府更好地推进"生态桥"工程项目的实施,激励种植户参与"生态桥"工程项目的意愿,进而帮助改善生产生活环境,加快生态农业的现代化建设.     

中药成分辛弗林对胶体金免疫层析法检测β-受体激动剂的影响

旨在探究陈皮、青皮、木瓜、厚朴、红景天等5种中药材提取液以及饲喂了陈皮和青皮的猪尿液胶体金免疫层析法检测结果呈阳性的原因。建立测定猪尿及中药提取物中辛弗林的LC-MS/MS检测方法，测定陈皮、青皮的提取物和饲喂陈皮、青皮后猪尿中的辛弗林浓度。用小鼠肝微粒体孵育CGIA检测呈阳性的陈皮、青皮、木瓜和厚朴4味中药提取物。饲喂陈皮和青皮后的猪尿液检出辛弗林，浓度分别为1.36和1.65 μg·mL^-1；在陈皮和青皮的提取复溶液中检出辛弗林，浓度分别为132.6和312.7 μg·mL^-1。厚朴和木瓜两种中药提取物经过肝微粒体孵育后，在2~5 h逐渐由CGIA检测阳性转为阴性，陈皮和青皮孵育后，0~6 h的结果均为CGIA检测阳性；阴性中药组CGIA检测均呈阴性，而添加辛弗林的阳性对照组0~6 h CGIA检测均呈阳性。猪较大剂量使用陈皮和青皮会引起猪尿β-受体激动剂CGIA检测出现假阳性，该假阳性现象跟中药成分辛弗林有关，体外试验中辛弗林不易被小鼠肝微粒体代谢。     

Transport of cadmium from soil to grain in cereal crops: A review

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, many soils for crop production are contaminated by cadmium(Cd), a heavy metal highly toxic to many organisms. Cereal crops such as rice, wheat, maize, and barley are the primary dietary source of Cd for humans, and reducing Cd transfer from soil to their grains is therefore an important issue for food safety. During the last decade, great progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of Cd transport, particularly in rice. Inter-and intraspecific variations in Cd accumulation have been observed in cereal crops. Transporters for Cd have been identified in rice and other cereal crops using genotypic differences in Cd accumulation and mutant approaches. These transporters belong to different transporter families and are involved in the uptake, vacuolar sequestration, root-to-shoot translocation, and distribution of Cd. Attempts have been made to reduce Cd accumulation in grains by manipulating these transporters through overexpression or knockout of the transporter genes, as well as through marker-assisted selection breeding based on genotypic differences in Cd accumulation in the grains. In this review, we describe recent progress on molecular mechanisms of Cd accumulation in cereal crops and compare different molecular strategies for minimizing Cd accumulation in grains.     

Impact of climate change on maize yield in China from 1979 to 2016

Climate change severely impacts agricultural production, which jeopardizes food security. China is the second largest maize producer in the world and also the largest consumer of maize. Analyzing the impact of climate change on maize yields can provide effective guidance to national and international economics and politics. Panel models are unable to determine the group-wise heteroscedasticity, cross-sectional correlation and autocorrelation of datasets, therefore we adopted the feasible generalized least square(FGLS) model to evaluate the impact of climate change on maize yields in China from 1979–2016 and got the following results:(1) During the 1979–2016 period, increases in temperature negatively impacted the maize yield of China. For every 1°C increase in temperature, the maize yield was reduced by 5.19 kg 667 m–2(1.7%). Precipitation increased only marginally during this time, and therefore its impact on the maize yield was negligible. For every 1 mm increase in precipitation, the maize yield increased by an insignificant amount of 0.043 kg 667 m–2(0.014%).(2) The impacts of climate change on maize yield differ spatially, with more significant impacts experienced in southern China. In this region, a 1°C increase in temperature resulted in a 7.49 kg 667 m–2 decrease in the maize yield, while the impact of temperature on the maize yield in northern China was insignificant. For every 1 mm increase in precipitation, the maize yield increased by 0.013 kg 667 m–2 in southern China and 0.066 kg 667 m–2 in northern China.(3) The resilience of the maize crop to climate change is strong. The marginal effect of temperature in both southern and northern China during the 1990–2016 period was smaller than that for the 1979–2016 period.     

耐低温耐低氧萌发野败不育系赣野A的选育

赣野A是江西省农科院水稻研究所将东乡野生稻的耐冷性和耐低氧萌发能力导入抗稻瘟病保持系赣香B后再与赣香A测交和回交育成的野败型三系籼稻不育系。该不育系败育彻底,异交结实率高,配合力较强,具有较强的耐冷性和耐低氧萌发能力,在直播杂交稻育种中应用前景广阔。2019年通过了江西省品种审定。