我国森林康养产业发展现状及路径探析——基于典型地区研究

森林康养作为“两山”理论的新实践，已成为我国绿色、健康产业的新业态、新模式，它的发展对建设“美丽中国”与“健康中国”具有重要战略意义。文中在阐述国内外森林康养相关概念及内涵基础上，结合我国典型森林康养地区的现状研究，对我国森林康养产业存在的问题进行探讨，并就其具体发展路径提出以下建议:1）提升理论认知，加强森林康养教育；2）完善政策指引，实现产业合理布局；3）优化资源利用，构建产业等级制度；4）完善后勤服务，强化人才队伍建设；5）强化创新意识，丰富森林康养内涵；6）结合地区特色，打造品牌产业。     

浙江红花油茶高接换冠成活率影响因素研究

为研究浙江红花油茶高接换冠成活率影响因素,解决嫁接成活率低的问题,2013年6月从中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所引进浙江红花油茶优树穗条,在青田县大垟山林场开展浙江红花油茶高接换冠试验,分析砧木林郁闭度、坡位、砧木生长势及接穗保存时间等因素对嫁接成活率的影响。结果表明,林分郁闭度在0.3~0.7之间,随着郁闭度增加嫁接平均成活率提高;郁闭度在0.7~0.9之间,随着郁闭度增加,嫁接成活率降低;当郁闭度为0.7时,嫁接成活率最高为88.8%。山腰的嫁接成活率高达86%,显著高于山顶和山脚。浙江红花油茶砧木生长势越强嫁接成活率越高。接穗于采集当天嫁接效果最好成活率达89.1%,接穗保存1、2、3、4、5、6天嫁接,成活率分别为85.2%、75.2%、51.6%、28.1%、12.2%、9.3%。偏相关分析表明,各因素对嫁接成活率影响由大到小依次为接穗保存时间(-0.97)、郁闭度(0.85)、生长势(0.81)、坡位(-0.65)。     

秸秆覆盖方式和施氮量对河套灌区夏玉米氮利用及产量影响

为探究夏玉米氮素转运利用规律、产量及土壤NO3－-N含量分布对秸秆覆盖方式和施氮量的响应，在河套灌区开展2a不同秸秆覆盖方式（秸秆表覆B处理、秸秆深埋S处理）和不同施氮水平（不施氮N0、低氮N1、中氮N2、高氮N3）的田间试验，以传统耕作模式为对照（CK处理）。结果表明：在0～100 cm土层，各处理NO3－-N含量随施氮量增加而增大，成熟期B和CK处理随土层加深呈先减后增趋势，而S处理呈先增后减趋势；B处理提高0～20 cm土层NO3－-N含量，而S处理提高20～40 cm土层NO3－-N含量（P<0.05）；秸秆覆盖可减少0～100 cm土层NO3－-N累积损失量，且显著提高氮肥利用率及夏玉米氮素转运量对籽粒产量的贡献率，SN2处理效果较佳。相比CK处理，成熟期的SN2处理2 a平均NO3－-N累积损失量降低39.6%，氮肥利用率较提高28.5%，夏玉米氮素转运量对籽粒产量的贡献率提高32.1%，增产9.3%。综合分析，秸秆深埋配施中氮效果较佳，可实现河套灌区夏玉米提效增产的目标，并减少深层土壤NO3－-N累积损失量，为优化河套灌区夏玉米耕作施氮模式和缓解农业面源污染提供参考。     

基于GF-1影像的沿淮地区冬季耕地撂荒遥感调查应用

耕地作为一种稀缺资源对国家和农民来说都具有极其重要的意义,但随着市场经济的深入和农村经济的发展,农村耕地撂荒现象时有发生,撂荒耕地必然导致土地资源浪费,影响到中国粮食安全和农民增收,也不利于农村经济社会稳定发展。沿淮地区是安徽省乃至全国重要的商品粮生产基地,但近年来冬季撂荒情况日益严重。该文拟选取安徽省霍邱县,利用2015、2016、2017三年冬小麦生长期内的GF-1卫星16 m多光谱影像,提取霍邱县冬季作物种植的空间分布和面积,通过多年数据对比,来分析霍邱县近年冬季耕地撂荒情况。结果显示:2015、2016、2017三个年度冬小麦种植面积分别为937.72,821.79,608.91km~2。参照2015年度冬小麦种植情况,2016年度冬季撂荒面积115.93 km~2、占比12.36%,2017年度冬季撂荒面积328.81 km~2、占比35.06%。结合实地调研分析,霍邱县近年来冬季撂荒面积不断增大的的主要原因有农田排灌等水利设施不足、稻茬麦效益低、外出务工等。而2017年度撂荒面积明显增加的直接原因是冬小麦播种期间,出现连续阴雨异常天气,低洼地区田间积水严重,致使冬小麦无法播种,被动撂荒。该文的研究可以为沿淮地区冬季撂荒遥感调查提供技术参考。     

Combining multi-source data to explore a mechanism for the effects of micrometeorological elements on nutrient variations in paddy land water

Paddy land plays a key role in global crop production. Thus, paddy land water is a potential source of nitrogen and phosphorus; both nutrients largely contribute to non-point source pollution because they usually vary closely with micrometeorological elements (MEs) during the growth period. However, few studies have focused on the mechanism of co-variation between nutrients and MEs at the field scale. The relationships between nutrients in the paddy land water and MEs as well as soil water content, soil temperature, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are still unclear. In this paper, an in situ experiment was designed to obtain 5 years of meteorological data and nutrient data (nitrogen and phosphorus); the size of the experiment plot is in accordance with the spatial resolution of NDVI data. Multi-source meteorological and satellite data were integrated to explore the mechanism of co-variation. The results show that precipitation, air temperature, and solar radiation are the three MEs significantly affecting the nitrogen concentration in the paddy land water during the growth period. The air temperature is the most important ME influencing the phosphorus concentration. At the same time, the NDVI, as an effective indicator of the photosynthetic potential of rice used to explore the relationship between nutrients, has a prominent influence on soluble nutrients, especially on dissolved phosphorus. These findings could significantly improve our understanding about the responses of paddy land nutrients during the growth period to the surrounding drivers, inclusive of MEs, soil water, soil temperature, and NDVI. Undoubtedly, it is a potentially helpful means to monitor the sources of non-point pollution.     

浅圆仓不同功率风机通风试验研究

利用2.2kW的轴流风机组与7.5kW的离心风机组,对两个浅圆仓进行通风降温,经对比试验,在储粮数量、储粮品种、入仓时间、入仓质量、粮情状况等基本相同的浅圆仓中,当降温效果基本相同时,2.2kW的轴流风机组通风时间较长,7.5kW离心风机组降温效果较快,但水损较多,2.2kW的轴流风机组通风耗能较低,吨粮降温成本较低。     

麻地膜对设施樱桃番茄(Solanum lycopersivon)生长及产量的影响

为了明确麻地膜覆盖在设施大棚内对樱桃番茄生长及产量的影响,本研究采用‘浙樱粉1号’为实验材料,设置3个处理:麻地膜覆盖、塑料地膜覆盖及对照(不覆盖),比较了不同覆盖措施对‘浙樱粉1号’株高、茎粗、单株鲜重、结果数量及樱桃番茄鲜果重的影响。结果表明,在设施大棚内采用麻地膜覆盖增加了‘浙樱粉1号’株高、茎粗、结果数量及樱桃番茄鲜果重。麻地膜覆盖对设施大棚内种植的樱桃番茄有增产作用,麻地膜的推广应用可以减少塑料地膜对环境污染,利于农业的可持续发展。     

Detection of full and limited amphidromous migratory dynamics of fish in Caribbean rivers

All native fishes living in the Caribbean island rivers are considered diadromous but few species have been validated as diadromous. In Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles) as well as in the other tropical islands, the riverine habitats are subject to strong anthropogenic pressure due to resource modifications or dams. The management of fish biodiversity requires knowledge concerning their life history traits and behaviour that are still unknown for most species at a local scale and at the whole distribution area of the species. In a Guadeloupe river, we inferred the migratory patterns of four freshwater fishes common to Caribbean rivers by the analysis of otolith microchemistry. We found two species Eleotris perniger (Eleotridae) and Sicydium plumieri (Gobiidae) to be completely amphidromous with a marine larval phase and a freshwater adult phase. Agonostomus monticola (Mugilidae) was also found to be amphidromous in this system. The fourth species Gobiesox cephalus (Gobiesocidae) showed elemental ratios suggesting an estuarine larval phase and was defined as “limited amphidromous”. The identification of such life history traits, with limited dispersion abilities, argues for specific management measures in tropical island rivers at a basin scale for the conservation of biodiversity.     

罗氏海盘车性腺脂质的微波提取及其成分分析

为优化罗氏海盘车性腺脂质的微波提取工艺并分析其脂质成分和脂肪酸组成,该研究采用微波辅助提取技术对罗氏海盘车性腺脂质的提取工艺进行优化,同时通过核磁共振和气相色谱-质谱分别对其脂质成分和脂肪酸组成进行分析。试验结果表明,罗氏海盘车性腺脂质的最佳提取工艺条件:以乙酸乙酯为提取溶剂、液料比7 mL/g、提取时间12 min、提取温度60℃,在此优化条件下,罗氏海盘车性腺脂质的提取率为33.82%。罗氏海盘车性腺脂质的主要成分为甘油三酯和磷脂,胆固醇和游离脂肪酸含量较低;脂肪酸以C14:0、C16:0、C18:1n-7、C20:1n-11、C20:5n-3(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)和C22:6n-3(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)为主,C20:5n-3和C22:6n-3总质量分数为21.56%,且n-3型与n-6型多不饱和脂肪酸的比值高达8.72;同时罗氏海盘车性腺脂质的脂肪酸致动脉粥样硬化指数(atherogenic index,AI)和血栓形成指数(thrombogenic index,TI)分别为0.81和0.29,表明罗氏海盘车性腺脂质能有效预防动脉粥样硬化和血栓形成,具有很高营养价值和脂质开发潜力,可作为C20:5n-3和C22:6n-3等功能性脂肪酸的重要膳食来源。该研究为罗氏海盘车性腺脂质的微波提取、成分分析和综合开发利用提供了一定的理论依据。