消费扶贫协同治理研究--基于“制度-结构-过程”分析框架

充分发挥全社会的力量参与到脱贫攻坚战,是解决扶贫工作在“攻城拔寨”冲刺阶段所面临问题的重要路径。尤其是在“中国之治”实践要求之下,要推动正式制度与非正式制度并举,政府逻辑结构向多元主体结构演进,单一化治理过程向综合化治理过程转变。本文基于湖南省湘西州B县消费扶贫,构建“制度—结构—过程”分析框架,梳理B县消费扶贫协同治理的整体路径以及实践推广的逻辑机理。研究发现,B县消费扶贫的协同推进发生在国家正式制度与非正式制度以及现有技术环境之内,多元主体在制度系统中形成互动运作结构,因此,构建分析框架演绎消费扶贫激励约束、宣传引导、资源集聚、过程监管、利益联结与帮扶协同的治理过程。“中国之治”视域下开展消费扶贫协同治理要求构建“制度—结构—过程”分析框架,为贫困地区呈现消费扶贫协同推进的内在机理及其行动指南。     

洞庭湖烂泥湖水系洪涝灾害风险评估与应对措施

近年来,洪涝灾害是全球发生频繁、危害最严重的气象灾害之一,国内不少学者开始对洪涝灾害进行研究,目前对于洞庭湖区洪涝灾害风险的研究较少。采用综合评价法建立模型对洞庭湖区烂泥湖水系洪涝灾害风险进行评估并提出应对策略,结果表明:新泉寺闸内水位和滞涝水面率的不同导致暴雨对烂泥湖水系的影响程度也不同。同时采取提高滞涝水面率和降低内湖水位,基本可以消除一般年份处于高风险的范围,对于减少低风险范围、增加无风险范围效果更为显著;对于平均风险度为高风险的年份,能够消除大部分高风险区域。     

饲料中胆汁酸对红鳍东方鲀脂肪酸组成及抗氧化能力的影响

为研究饲料中添加胆汁酸对红鳍东方鲀脂肪酸组成及抗氧化能力的影响，以鱼油为主要脂肪源，配制五种等氮饲料，以初始体重14g的红鳍东方鲀进行为期56天的投喂养殖实验。设置适宜脂肪含量(8%)的对照组，并在对照组添加0.02%及0.10%的胆汁酸，分别获得低胆汁酸添加组(BA)和高胆汁酸组(HBA)。另设一高脂组(脂肪含量12.5%，HL组)及高脂+0.02%胆汁酸组(HLBA组)。结果表明，添加胆汁酸的处理组肌肉和肝脏MUFA均低于对照组，其中HBA组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。肌肉中n-6PUFA含量在HLBA和HL组显著低于其他组(P<0.05)。在适宜脂肪含量的三个处理组间，肝脏中的C20:0、C16:1n-7、C18:1n-9、C18:2n-6、C20:4n-6、C18:3n-3、C18:4n-3、C20:5n-3和C22:6n-3都呈现随着胆汁酸添加量增加而降低的趋势。血清超氧化物歧化酶活性和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性都有随着胆汁酸添加而升高的趋势，且在高脂组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)；血清谷胱甘肽还原酶则呈现相反的趋势。肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶1的mRNA相对表达量在对照组显著高于其他组，而BA组氧化还原酶1的基因表达量显著高于对照组；在高脂组添加胆汁酸显著升高了过氧化氢酶的基因表达量。综上所述，饲料中胆汁酸的添加降低了饲料及鱼体组织中一系列长链脂肪酸的含量；胆汁酸对血清抗氧化蛋白活性的影响与其对肝脏抗氧化相关基因表达的影响结果不一致。     

微流控芯片在农产品安全检测中的应用

近年来,随着食品工业的迅猛发展,国内外食品安全事故也频繁发生。开发安全可靠、便携有效的检测方法对食品安全至关重要。微流控芯片集样品前处理、分离和检测等过程为一体,实现了样品前处理和检测分析的自动化、集成化、小型化、低消耗、高效率和便携化,满足了现场、实时检测的需求。本研究对微流控芯片在食品成分、农药残留、兽药残留、食品添加剂和重金属检测中的应用进行归纳总结,为农产品安全检测提供参考。     

Substitution of chemical fertilizer by Chinese milk vetch improves the sustainability of yield and accumulation of soil organic carbon in a double-rice cropping system

The double-rice cropping system is a very important intensive cropping system for food security in China. There have been few studies of the sustainability of yield and accumulation of soil organic carbon(SOC) in the double-rice cropping system following a partial substitution of chemical fertilizer by Chinese milk vetch(Mv). We conducted a 10-year(2008–2017) field experiment in Nan County, South-Central China, to examine the double-rice productivity and SOC accumulation in a paddy soil in response to different fertilization levels and Mv application(22.5 Mg ha~(–1)). Fertilizer and Mv were applied both individually and in combination(sole chemical fertilizers, Mv plus 100, 80, 60, 40, and 0% of the recommended dose of chemical fertilizers, labeled as F100, MF100, MF80, MF60, MF40, and MF0, respectively). It was found that the grain yields of double-rice crop in treatments receiving Mv were reduced when the dose of chemical fertilizer was reduced, while the change in SOC stock displayed a double peak curve. The MF100 produced the highest double-rice yield and SOC stock, with the value higher by 13.5 and 26.8% than that in the F100. However, the grain yields increased in the MF80(by 8.4% compared to the F100), while the SOC stock only increased by 8.4%. Analogous to the change of grain yield, the sustainable yield index(SYI) of double rice were improved significantly in the MF100 and MF80 compared to the F100, while there was a slight increase in the MF60 and MF40. After a certain amount of Mv input(22.5 Mg ha~(–1)), the carbon sequestration rate was affected by the nutrient input due to the stimulation of microbial biomass. Compared with the MF0, the MF100 and MF40 resulted in a dramatically higher carbon sequestration rate(with the value higher by 71.6 and 70.1%),whereas the MF80 induced a lower carbon sequestration rate with the value lower by 70.1% compared to the MF0. Based on the above results we suggested that Mv could partially replace chemical fertilizers(e.g., 40–60%) to improve or maintain the productivity and sustainability of the double-rice cropping system in South-Central China.     

国家植物博物馆旅游发展战略研究与初步构想

在研究博物馆旅游相关内涵的基础上,系统地阐述了博物馆和旅游的关系,认为博物馆旅游是未来的发展趋势。文中依托国家植物博物馆建设的基本情况,对国家植物博物馆发展旅游具备的政策机遇、游客基数、区位、行业地位、资源、特色等方面的优势及国内没有成熟的经验和成功的案例可借鉴、藏品艺术价值不高等劣势进行分析。提出建立合理的运维机制,处理好馆、库、园一体统筹的关系;按照国家5A级旅游景区标准,高起点、高规格建设;以人为本,强化深度体验;重视人才、科普和营销;与茨坝生物科技特色小镇融合发展,打造云南省“健康生活目的地”示范园区;整合资源,建立旅联体,打造科普文旅融合产业走廊等国家植物博物馆旅游发展的策略及建议。     

芸薹素内酯对稻草基质育秧水稻秧苗生理特性及栽后生长的影响

【目的】筛选出机插水稻基质育秧芸薹素内酯(BR)适宜的施用方法及最佳用量。【方法】以中早39为供试材料,采用稻草基质旱育秧方式,探究BR不同处理方式和浓度对机插早稻秧苗生理特性及栽后生长的影响。【结果】施用BR可以提高秧苗的抗氧化保护酶活性,降低丙二醛含量,增加可溶性蛋白含量、总糖含量及C/N,秧苗根系活力提高了13.24%~48.31%,利于形成抗性强的健壮秧苗;喷施方式对提高秧苗超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性效果最佳,基施方式对降低秧苗丙二醛含量效果最好。施用适量BR也可促进秧苗机插后长出新叶、新根及返青,喷施方式效果最好;浸种、喷施方式还能增强秧苗机插后20~30 d的单株分蘖力。【结论】播种前和出苗后进行两次适量的BR处理,有利形成壮苗和栽后活棵返青及分蘖,以播前0.15 mg/L浸种和秧苗1叶1心期0.10 mg/L喷施效果为好。     

华南花岗岩侵蚀区不同植被类型坡面土壤有机碳分布和团聚体稳定性

植物是影响土壤有机碳含量和土壤团聚体稳定性的重要因素。选取华南典型花岗岩侵蚀区荒草地、桉树林、湿地松林和木荷林4种植被类型径流小区的土壤为研究对象,分析测定不同坡位、不同土层深度的土壤有机碳特性和团聚体稳定性等指标,评价不同植被类型对土壤养分的分布特性以及团聚体稳定性差异,明确花岗岩侵蚀退化区较为理想的生态恢复措施,旨在为合理利用土壤、重建坡面植被和改善土壤结构提供科学依据。结果表明:土壤总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量随土层加深逐渐降低,而林地小区土壤碳氮比(C/N)则相反,荒草地碳氮元素的坡面变异系数(CV)显著高于其他3种林地,其中桉树林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低40%,56.18%,68.5%和25.81%;湿地松林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低62.73%,33.71%,46.46%,58.06%;木荷林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低41.82%,38.2%,51.18%,48.39%,表明林地较荒草地更有利于土壤碳氮在坡面的均质化和有机质的积累。荒草地和木荷林地0.25 mm粒径以上的团聚体在上、中坡位的质量分数显著高于其他植被类型,而林下植被生物量较高的木荷林地的平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)显著高于其他植被类型。其中木荷小区水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)较荒草地、桉树和湿地松分别高20.10%,19.58%,23.20%;几何平均直径(GMD)较荒草地、桉树和湿地松分别高20.00%,19.54%,22.23%,表明在花岗岩侵蚀区林地空间结构较好的林草模式有利于土壤有机碳的积累和土壤结构的稳定。     

不同嫁接方法对4种板栗幼树内源激素及光合特性的影响

[目的]明确倒置嫁接方法在南方地区的应用效果及北方板栗品种在南方引种的适应性,为板栗资源利用及大树换冠技术提供参考.[方法]以燕丽、燕龙、燕紫和迁西42号4个北方板栗品种穗条为试材,采用正置嫁接和倒置嫁接两种嫁接方式,研究板栗幼树叶片吲哚乙酸(Indole-3-acetic acid,IAA)、赤霉素(Gibberellins,GA3)、玉米素核苷(Trans-Zeatin-riboside,ZR)和脱落酸(Abscisic acid,ABA)等内源激素含量及其比例,以及净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用率(WUE)等光合特征变化规律及相关性.[结果]倒置嫁接下板栗叶片生长型指标IAA含量和IAA/ABA低于正置嫁接,其中燕丽、燕龙、燕紫和迁西42号4个板栗品种倒置嫁接叶片的IAA含量分别比正置嫁接显著低57.35%、22.67%、7.55%和43.47%(P<0.05,下同),IAA/ABA分别比正置嫁接低22.61%、19.00%、25.70%和26.47%.除燕紫外,其他板栗品种的叶片ABA含量也表现为倒置嫁接低于正置嫁接,燕丽和迁西42号倒置嫁接叶片ABA含量分别比正置嫁接低44.97%和23.20%.ZR含量与ABA含量相似,除燕紫外其他品种均表现为倒置嫁接低于正置嫁指,燕丽和燕龙倒置嫁接叶片ZR含量分别比正置嫁接低33.14%和24.20%.叶片Pn、Gs、Tr和WUE在倒置嫁接下均低于正置嫁接,且与生长型内源激素含量及平衡值呈显著正相关.GA3含量受到嫁接方法单因素影响较小,受品种特性和交互作用影响极显著(P<0.01).采用主成分分析法分析4个板栗品种生长势和适应性,综合评分排序为燕龙>燕丽>迁西42号>燕紫.[结论]倒置嫁接使板栗枝条生长势放缓,对抑制徒长有一定的作用.燕龙和燕丽嫁接后树体营养生长较快,且在南方气候环境种植适应性较好,而迁西42号和燕紫生长势相对较弱.     

Effect of dietary calcium or phosphorus deficiency on bone development and related calcium or phosphorus metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary calcium (Ca) or phosphorus (P) deficiency on bone development and related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age based on our previous study, which indicated that dietary Ca or P deficiency impaired the bone development by regulating related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 504 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments with 7 replicates in a completely randomized design, and fed the normal control and Ca- or P-deficient diets from 1 to 21 days of age. At 22 days of age, the broilers were further fed the normal control diet (0.90% Ca+0.35% non-phytate P (NPP)), the P-deficient diet (0.90% Ca+0.18% NPP), the Ca-deficient diet (0.30% Ca+0.35% NPP) or the Ca and P-deficient diet (0.30% Ca+0.18% NPP), respectively. The results showed that dietary Ca or P deficiency decreased (P<0.05) tibia bone mineral density (BMD), bone breaking strength (BBS), ash content, tibia ash Ca content and serum P content on days 28 and 42, but increased (P<0.05) tibia alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of broilers on day 42 compared with the control group. Furthermore, the broilers fed the P-deficient diet had the lowest (P<0.05) tibia BMD, BBS, ash content, serum P content and the highest (P<0.05) serum Ca content on day 28 compared with those fed the Ca-deficient or Ca and P-deficient diets. The results from the present study indicated that the bone development and related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers were the most sensitive to dietary P deficiency, followed by dietary Ca deficiency or Ca and P-deficiency; dietary Ca or P deficiency impaired the bone development possibly by regulating serum Ca and P contents as well as tibia Ca content and ALP activity of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age.