基于网络嵌入性的我国东北国有林区知识转移机理

文中从社会网络视角分析我国东北国有林区职工、家庭及林业企业知识转移的过程和影响因素，以期通过社会关系和网络结构促进林业企业转型。应用知识转移基本理论构建东北国有林区多层次知识转移理论模型，在此基础上从社会网络视角分析林区职工、家庭和林业企业3个层面的知识转移机理。研究表明:增强林区知识转移个体与利益相关者的联系程度、占据更多的结构洞位置以及提高个体网络中心度和凝聚程度有利于知识获取和内化；林区待岗职工与利益相关者的弱联系有利于其获得更多就业机会；国有森工企业由于过度嵌入社会网络，知识内化和创新动力不足。     

竹花叶病毒浙江麻竹分离物全基因组序列及siRNA分析

正已知有3种病毒可在自然条件下侵染竹类植物,即竹花叶病毒(bamboo mosaic virus,BaMV)~[1]、樱桃坏死锈斑驳病毒(cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus,CNRMV)和苹果茎沟病毒(apple stem grooving virus,ASGV)~[2,3]。其中,BaMV是最早在巴西的金竹(Bambusa vulgaris Cv.)和孝顺竹     

基于形态学及多基因位点的枸杞褐斑病病原鉴定

枸杞Lycium barbarum Mill.是一种药食两用的名贵中药材,褐斑病是2010年在甘肃省枸杞种植区发生的由无性态类真菌新种枸杞小黑梨孢Stigmella lycii引起的新病害,据2015年-2018年调查,该病害已扩展至甘肃省各枸杞种植区,常年发病率45%～65%,严重度2～3级。本研究首次对枸杞小黑梨孢有性态形态进行描述,并结合分子生物学方法,确定该病病原菌的系统发育地位,为该病的防治提供一定的理论依据。枸杞褐斑病菌在离体培养条件下和越冬病叶上均可形成有性态。子囊壳球形至亚球形,大小185.6μm×176.6μm,有喙,喙的大小为(35.7～53.6)μm×(32.0～53.55)μm;子囊袋状,大小(103.2～165.7)μm×(15.7～22.4)μm,含8个子囊孢子;子囊孢子砖格状,大小(25.9～36.5)μm×(9.4～14.1)μm,平均31.2μm×12.3μm,具(4～)6～7个纵隔和1～3个横隔。通过ITS、LSU、RPB2和EF1-α多基因位点联合构建系统发育树,确定该菌为子囊菌门格孢腔菌目格孢腔菌科真菌。秋末冬初清洁田园,减少来年初侵染源,是有效防治枸杞褐斑病的关键措施。     

大花君子兰叶绿体基因组及其特征

采用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对大花君子兰（Clivia miniata）叶片总DNA进行测序，通过组装获得了其叶绿体基因组（cpDNA）全长序列（158 114 bp）。对其cpDNA注释得到135个基因，包含87个蛋白编码基因、40个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因。采用生物信息学方法对获得的cpDNA进行简单序列重复（SSR）分析和密码子偏好性分析。结果显示：①大花君子兰cpDNA中共有61个SSR位点，其中单核苷酸、二核苷酸、三核苷酸、四核苷酸、五核苷酸和六核苷酸重复数分别为38、9、2、8、3和1个，多数SSR分布在基因间隔区；②大花君子兰cpDNA密码子偏爱以A或U（T）结尾，亮氨酸使用频率最高，半胱氨酸使用频率最低。基于24种植物的cpDNA全长和23种植物的叶绿体ycf2基因序列进行系统发育分析，结果显示大花君子兰与石蒜科植物在同一分支，显示最近的亲缘关系，支持大花君子兰属于石蒜科。基于叶绿体ycf2的系统发育分析结果与基于cpDNA全长的系统发育分析研究结果大部分相同，支持ycf2基因可以代替cpDNA全长用于植物系统发育分析。     

Prevalence and molecular analysis of Sarcocystis infections in cattle in Northwest Iran and the first global report of S. gigantea in cattle

Cattle are intermediate host for several species of Sarcocystis, including S. cruzi, S. hirsuta, and S. hominis with high prevalence worldwide. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Sarcocystis infection, species identification, and phylogenetic analysis of the parasite in cattle in Northwest Iran. The samples of diaphragm and esophagus from 290 cattle were collected from slaughterhouses in Northwest Iran and subjected to macroscopic, microscopic, and histopathology examinations, PCR-RFLP, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Tissue cysts of Sarcocystis spp. were detected in 92% of cattle by digestion and microscopic tests. Based on the PCR–RFLP and specific PCR, 87.9% and 1.03% of isolates were identified as S. cruzi, and S. hominis, respectively. Macrocyst was seen in a single sample that was identified as S. gigantea. The haplotype network exhibited the extension of the various haplotypes of S. cruzi between neighboring provinces in Northwest Iran. Heterogeneity analysis of S. cruzi 18S-rRNA sequences indicated genetic diversity among S. cruzi isolates (Haplotype diversity: 0.733-0.854) consisting 16 haplotypes; however, the nucleotide differences showed low diversity (0.01481 to 0.03351). Pair wise sequence distance matrix amongst S. cruzi sequences indicated an intra-species divergence of 0%-7.8% and identity of 92.6%-100%. Sarcocystis infection is highly prevalent in cattle in Northwest Iran, with the predominance of S. cruzi, and genetic variants of this species are unequivocally distributing in Northwest provinces. First global detection of S. gigantea in cattle reflects new insights of transmission dynamic and biology of this parasite in Iran.     

基于森林健康理念的森林康养产业发展研究

阐述了森林健康理念和森林康养的基本概念,介绍了森林健康理念和森林康养的发展现状,分析了森林健康与森林康养产业之间的关系。结果表明:森林康养产业的理论基础就是基于森林健康理念继承发展来的,必然会促进森林健康产业的发展。运用森林健康理念指导森林康养产业发展是森林康养产业可持续发展的有效途径,森林健康理念在中国会不断完善和发展,也更有利于中国森林康养产业的发展。展望康养产业,会形成一种新的经济形态,成为国民福祉。     

11种鲈形目鱼类ITS2特征及系统应用

ITS2 (Internal transcribed spacer 2)是位于核糖体5.8S和28S基因之间的非编码序列。为了探讨该片段的多样性特征以及进化模式,本研究选取了鲈形目(Perciformes) 5科11种鱼类为研究对象,共获得了444条ITS2克隆序列,其长度范围为332～515 bp。比较种内不同序列的长度发现,金带细鲹(Selaroides leptolepis)在种内存在24 bp的差异,剑鱼(Xiphias gladius)在种内存在32 bp的差异,这2种鱼类的差异较为明显;其余9种鱼类的长度相对比较保守,长度差异小于14 bp。依据11种鱼类的保守位点数、变异位点数、简约信息位点数、单倍型数、保守位点比例、单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性等特征分析发现,种内存在着不同程度差异,特别是金带细鲹的ITS2序列存在着Type A、Type B和Type C 3种类型,各类型间差异较大。根据序列的多样性特征推断,金带细鲹和剑鱼的进化方式为非协同进化;蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)、大甲鲹(Megalaspis cordyla)、吉打副叶鲹(Alepes djedaba)和日本竹筴鱼(Trachurus japonicas)的长度和变异位点均存在着一定程度的差异,但差异并不明显,视为不严格的协同进化;泰拉鰆鲹(Scomberoides tala)、布氏鲳鲹(Trachinotus blochii)、尖吻鲈(Lates calcarifer)、射水鱼(Toxotes chatareus)和军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum) 5种鱼类为协同进化;另外,协同和非协同进化状态与分类系统没有相关性。序列比对发现,大甲鲹种内存在着由协同进化方式演变为非严格的协同进化方式的过度序列;在金带细鲹的3个不同个体中,序列间存在着从协同进化、非严格的协同进化演变为非协同进化的3种进化方式。基于ITS2序列构建的11种鱼类的邻接系统树显示,每种鱼类的克隆都分别按种单独聚为一支,鲹科7属鱼类各属也是单独聚支,表明ITS2不仅可以用在种类的分子鉴定,同时也可以作为分子标记应用于鲹科和属级水平的系统关系研究。     

Occurrence and genetic diversity of Blackcurrant reversion virus found on various cultivated and wild Ribes in Latvia

A large‐scale survey was carried out to assess the occurrence, natural host range and genetic diversity of Blackcurrant reversion virus (BRV) in cultivated and wild Ribes in Latvia using RT‐PCR and sequence analyses of 3′ NTR of BRV RNA2. The virus was detected in all surveyed habitats in most of the studied Ribes, except gooseberries, Ribes sanguineum, Ribes laxiflorum and crossbreeds between blackcurrants and gooseberries. The overall occurrence of BRV was 27%, although it varied significantly among the surveyed Ribes habitats, exceeding 40% in home gardens and germplasm collections. Among cultivated Ribes, blackcurrants were the most infected and BRV was detected in all commonly grown cultivars. The virus was detected for the first time in Ribes aureum, Ribes fragrans, Ribes nigrum var. pauciflorum and Ribes fasciculatum var. chinense. The sequence identities of the studied fragments of RNA2 3′ NTR varied from 92.8% to 99.7% among 26 BRV isolates from various cultivated, ornamental and wild hosts from Latvia and from 91.1% to 97.1% when they were compared with 27 corresponding sequences from GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the major clustering of isolates was not related to host, origin or symptoms. Grouping of BRV isolates based on host or location was identified within the phylogenetic subclusters. Several well‐supported clades were formed within the subclusters, including a group of BRV isolates from redcurrants that had unique nucleotide substitutions. Five putative recombinants were identified for the first time among BRV isolates from Latvia, Finland, Scotland and the Czech Republic.