Terrestrial Ecotoxicity of Eight Chemicals in a Systematic Approach (7 pp)

Background and Objective   Terrestrial ecotoxicity data are required for many research purposes. The data are derived either from the literature or elaborated by own investigations. As the terrestrial toxicity tests are usually time-consuming and labour intensive, the experiments are performed with a limited number of test organisms and soils. In the context of a project sponsored by CEFIC-LRI (European Chemical Industry Council – Long-Range Research Initiative), EC50-values were systematically elaborated for eight chemicals with a wide range of logKow-values (CdCl2, Trinitrotoluene, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4-dichlorophenol, Tributyltinchloride, Pentachlorophenol, Benzo(a)pyrene, p,p-dichloro-2,2-diphenyl-1,1,1-trichloroethane). The substances were selected covering a broad range of physico-chemical and ecotoxicological properties. As toxicity endpoints, microbial activities, plant germination and growth as well as reproduction of earthworms and collembola were determined. As such systematic investigations are rarely performed and for some substances no data existed, the data pool is made available to the scientific community.Methods   All toxicity tests were conducted on three different soil types (sandy soil, silty soil, loamy soil), according to ISO and OECD guidelines Results, Discussion, Conclusion and Outlook   The different toxicities of the chemicals, the influence of soil properties on bioavailability as well as different sensitivities of test organisms and test parameters are reflected by the EC50-values. The results showed that the EC50-values calculated on the basis of nominal concentrations can significantly vary from EC50-values derived from analytical concentrations for some substances. To avoid false conclusions, this has to be considered especially when concentrations determined in the field are compared with toxicity data obtained from the literature or calculated on the basis of nominal concentrations. Moreover, the results indicate that terrestrial ecotoxicological tests should be accompanied by chemical analyses, to be sure to derive sound EC50-values. As the tests were performed according to international guidelines, the comprehensive data pool relevant for the terrestrial ecotoxicity of eight chemicals is considered to be of great value for further research and discussions dealing with the habitat function of soils.     

分散固相萃取结合UPLC-Orbitrap MS联用测定鸡蛋中五氯苯酚残留量

建立了超高效液相色谱-静电轨道阱质谱联用测定禽蛋中五氯苯酚残留量的分析方法。取均质后的禽蛋样品经乙腈溶液提取,加入无水硫酸镁和氯化钠进行脱水和盐析,高速离心分层后,取适量乙腈层溶液经0.1%(V∶V)甲酸稀释后,用酸性氧化铝粉末进行样品净化并以10000 r/min离心取上清液,过0.22μm滤膜后上机测定。使用反相色谱柱进行分离,流动相为乙腈:0.1%甲酸=75∶25,采用等度程序进行洗脱,静电轨道阱质谱进行定性定量分析。结果表明,五氯苯酚在0.5~100μg/kg范围内线性关系良好(r>0.995),方法的最低检出限为0.2μg/kg,最低定量限为0.5μg/kg,添加回收率在74.43%~96.85%之间,批内批间变异系数CV%<10%。该方法具有较好的准确度与精密度,适用于禽蛋中五氯苯酚残留量的测定。     

高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定渔业水体及渔业饲料中的五氯苯酚

本文建立了一种简单、快速测定渔业水体和渔业饲料中五氯苯酚的液相色谱串联质谱分析方法。渔业水体采取固相萃取进行富集净化,渔业饲料样品经氨化乙腈提取,MAX固相萃取小柱净化,质谱采用选择反应监测负离子模式测定进行分析。结果表明:方法线性为0.5～50 ng/mL,相关系数大于0.9999;渔业水体的检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)为0.05μg/L和0.1μg/L,渔业饲料的LOD和LOQ为0.8μg/kg和1.6μg/kg,该方法在水样和渔业饲料样品中的平均加标回收率为78.6%～92.1%。采用该方法对长沙市周边的湖泊和池塘地表水和渔业饲料样品进行检测,在水样中测得五氯苯酚浓度为0.64～1.22μg/L。     

微生物厌氧降解五氯酚适宜条件的研究

温度、ＰＨ值、接种菌量以及不同的底物初始质量浓度对微生物厌氧降解五氯酚都具有一定的影响。通过接种驯化了二个月的厌氧污泥作为菌源,就上述几种不同的因素进行了实验。结果表明,该菌种降解五氯酚的最适温度为３２℃,较佳的ＰＨ范围为６．８－７．２;当五氯酚初始质量浓度为８０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,接种量１．２ｍＬ为饱和菌量;同时五氯酚初始质量浓度为８０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,降解速率不再增加,并且污泥降解五氯酚的速率符合Ｍｉｃｈａ     

典型血吸虫病疫区河滩地五氯酚污染土壤微生物特征——以松滋老陈镇庙河为例

采用现场采样及室内分析方法,对长期施用五氯酚（PCP）作为钉螺杀灭剂的典型血吸虫病流行疫区河滩地的土壤微生物特征进行了初步调查研究。结果表明,长期大量施用PCP对河滩裸地土壤微生物种群造成了一定程度的伤害,降低了微生物的总体活性;而种植杨树有利于恢复土壤微生物生物量碳,对修复PCP污染土壤有一定的促进作用。Biolog结果显示土壤微生物利用单一碳源能力的大小顺序为杨树林地〉对照〉河滩裸地,表明有机污染在一定程度上抑制了土壤微生物的生长。主成分分析显示对照、杨树林与河滩裸地的碳源利用能力差异显著,表明PCP污染对微生物的碳源利用造成了显著影响。土壤微生物对不同种类碳源利用计算结果表明,种植杨树导致林地土壤环境条件发生变化,杨树林地土壤微生物对碳源的利用也发生了明显变化。     

五氯酚人工抗原的合成与多克隆抗体的制备

采用氯乙酸法合成五氯酚（PCP）的衍生物五氯苯氧乙酸半抗原，在此基础上，采用活化酯法合成五氯酚的人工抗原，以合成的人工抗原免疫兔子，制备了高效价的抗五氯酚多克隆抗体，抗体经纯化后，建立间接竞争荧光免疫分析新方法。分析结果表明，在优化的条件下，五氯酚检测的线性浓度范围为0．5—50μg·L^-1,检测限为0．29μg·L^-1,其他结构类似的酚化合物不干扰五氯酚的测定。将此法初步应用于土壤中五氯酚的快速检测，回收率在89．8％～106．5％之间，变异系数在2．85％-7．36％之间，符合农药残留分析的要求。     

白腐真菌生物降解五氯苯酚的动力学研究

采用室内培养方法,研究了白腐真菌的典型菌种——黄孢原毛平革菌对典型浓度的五氯苯酚(PCP)溶液的好氧生物降解。结果表明,在常温条件下,经过6d时间,初始浓度为20mg·L-1的PCP接近完全降解,效果非常显著。对实验所获得的时间序列数据进行动力学分析,发现黄孢原毛平革菌对PCP的生物降解反应遵循准一级动力学。     

固定化厌氧微生物处理含五氯酚废水

在厌氧条件下，分别以海藻酸钙（CA）和聚乙烯醇（PVA）为固定化微生物包埋剂，采用正交试验法，确定了其适宜的包埋条件，对形成的两种固定化微生物小球进行了比较，其中CA球的机械强度及吸附性能不及PVA球，但传质性能强于PVA球，在低负荷下CA球的PCP去除率高于PVA球，在高负荷下，则反这，固定化微生物对废水中PCP处理效率均优于未包埋的活性污泥。     

Urine excretion of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in occupational exposure

The pharmacokinetics of pentachlorophenol (PCP) excretion in urine was examined in four workers exposed to the biocide in the tannery and wood industries. PCP concentration in urine was significantly higher in morning samples than in afternoon or evening samples. This excretion pattern was observed during an exposure of several shifts and following a four-week holiday period. The estimated half-life for PCP urine excretion was 10 days. Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to PCP should be carried out by measuring the concentration of the compound in urine collected in the morning or before the workshift.