凤梨草莓与黄毛草莓种间杂种果实香气成分的代谢谱分析

【目的】通过比较黄毛草莓和凤梨草莓的2个种间杂种PF（具黄毛草莓浓郁的蜜桃香气）和NF（无蜜桃香气）完熟期果实香气成分的代谢谱,为黄毛草莓蜜桃香气特征成分鉴定及野生草莓优异资源的开发利用提供参考。【方法】采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱/质谱联用技术（gas chromatograph tandem mass spectrometer technology,GC-MS）,对供试材料的香气成分进行检测。采用偏最小二乘法判别分析（partial least squares discrimination analysis,PLS-DA）模型第一主成分的变量投影重要度（variable importance in the projection,VIP）值和log2FC（Fold Change,FC）,结合T-test的P值来筛选差异性代谢物,PF相对于NF,设置阈值VIP>1.0, log2FC>1.0或log2FC<-1.0且P value<0.05,差异代谢物的相对含量采用峰面积归一化法计算,CAS号（Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number）在https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov网站查阅。【结果】从检测到的383种总代谢物中筛选出67种差异代谢物,其中58种上调,9种下调,上调幅度较大的差异代谢物为内酯类物质,log2FC排在前3名的依次是(Z)-7-癸烯-5-酸（5.60）、丁位十一内酯（5.33）、δ-癸内酯（5.30）,下调幅度较大的差异代谢物为酯类物质,-log2FC排在前3名的依次是肉桂酸乙酯、亚硫酸（-7.19）,2-乙基己基异己酯（-6.65）和3-羟基丁酸乙酯（-4.14）。从相对含量来看,酯类在PF（37.69%）中大幅低于NF（57.20%）,内酯类在PF（20.91%）中大幅高于NF（6.12%）,酮类在PF（15.30%）中略高于NF（9.12%）,醇类、醛类、酸类、烯烃类和其他代谢物在PF和NF中的含量相当,NF中相对含量最大的酯是丁酸乙酯（17.92%）,PF中相对含量最大的内酯是δ-癸内酯（12.53%）,PF相对含量最大的酮与NF相同,均为2-庚酮。【结论】肉桂酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯和3-羟基丁酸乙酯等酯类可能是NF的关键香气成分,(Z)-7-癸烯-5-酸、丁位十一内酯和δ-癸内酯等内酯类可能是形成PF蜜桃香气的关键物质。     

人工饲粮对幼年工蜂生长发育及生理代谢的影响

本试验利用液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS)对幼年工蜂进行代谢组学分析,旨在探究不同人工饲粮对幼年工蜂生长发育及生理代谢的影响,为蜂王邮寄的人工饲粮配制提供一定理论依据。试验选取1日龄的意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)300只,分为5组,分别饲喂5种人工饲粮,每组30只工蜂。对照组饲粮:蔗糖粉∶蜂蜜=3∶1;试验组A饲粮:蔗糖粉∶蜂粮∶蜂蜜=6∶5∶1;试验组B饲粮:蔗糖粉∶蜂粮∶蜂蜜=6∶3∶1;试验组C饲粮:蔗糖粉∶花粉∶蜂蜜=6∶5∶1;试验组D饲粮:蔗糖粉∶花粉∶蜂蜜=6∶3∶1。用5种人工饲粮进行室内喂养,记录蜜蜂7 d内的死亡数量;解剖试验组A和对照组第1、3、5、7天的工蜂咽下腺,测定其平均重量、颜色和饱满度;采用LC-MS方法检测试验组A和对照组蜜蜂饲喂7 d后的代谢物差异,对检测数据进行模式识别分析,筛选并鉴别差异代谢物。结果表明:1)对照组和试验组A蜜蜂第1~5天时均没有出现死亡,在第6和7天时试验组A蜜蜂死亡数量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组B、C、D的蜜蜂在6 d内全部死亡。2)试验组A第7天时的蜜蜂咽下腺平均重量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),咽下腺颜色为全部乳白色,且咽下腺小体饱满。3)采用主成分分析(PCA)、偏最小二乘法判别方法(PLS-DA)和正交偏最小二乘方-判别分析(OPLS-DA)分析代谢组数据,结果显示试验组A和对照组明显分离,共鉴定出23个差异代谢物,包括氨基酸、脂类、糖类等,其中有10种代谢物上调,13种代谢物下调。差异代谢物通路分析发现,差异极显著的通路有牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸生物合成通路、赖氨酸降解通路、戊糖磷酸盐代谢通路、戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化通路(P<0.01),差异显著的通路有氨基酸的生物合成通路,色氨酸代谢通路,碳代谢通路,丁酸代谢通路,丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢通路,丙酮酸代谢通路(P<0.05)。由此可见,试验组A的饲粮更适合蜜蜂工蜂的生长发育和生存,在邮寄环境中可代替常用的炼糖饲粮。     

两种可食用玫瑰生物碱代谢物差异分析

以云南滇红玫瑰(ZY)与墨红玫瑰(DH)两种云南主要的食用花卉品种为研究对象,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法比较两种玫瑰花次生代谢产物的差异性。结果表明,两种花瓣中共检测到82种代谢产物,包括55种氨基酸及其衍生物(67.07%)、16种生物碱(19.51%)、7种酚胺(8.54%)、4种吲哚类生物碱(4.88%),其中滇红玫瑰中谷胱甘肽含量是墨红玫瑰的26.35倍,具有较强的抗氧化能力;而L-天冬酰胺和S-(5'-腺苷)-L-高半胱氨酸却是墨红玫瑰中特有的物质,具有显著的降血压作用。与墨红玫瑰相比,滇红玫瑰15种差异代谢物显著下调,表明墨红玫瑰较滇红玫瑰有较高的营养保健功能,而滇红玫瑰高表达成分使其具有更强的抗氧化能力。     

基于GC-MS对水稻种子耐镉差异代谢物的筛选与分析

为了筛选耐镉性较好的水稻品种,本研究利用气相色谱质谱联用仪,对24份不同耐镉程度的水稻品种进行了代谢物的定性与定量分析,通过主成分分析(PCA)和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)等多元统计分析方法筛选出水稻耐镉差异性代谢物。结果表明:24份水稻种子共检测出59种主要代谢产物,有机酸类物质可将不同耐镉水平的水稻区分开;同时结合PLS-DA与T检验筛选后得出4种差异代谢物(VIP>1,p<0.05),其中9,12-亚油酸主要存在于低耐品种,而丙二酸、扁桃酸和D-甘露醇主要存在于高耐品种中。说明有机酸类物质与水稻耐镉性相关,可作为区分水稻种子耐镉差异的标志代谢物。     

GC-MS分析慢性氨气应激对肉鸡血清代谢物的影响

【目的】随着养殖业集约化和规模化的发展,舍内环境对畜禽生长的影响日益突出。在密闭舍饲条件下,不断产生有毒有害气体,其中氨气的危害最大,降低畜禽生产性能,威胁动物健康。为此开展慢性氨气应激对肉鸡血清代谢物影响的研究,从小分子物质和代谢途径方面探究氨气导致机体代谢发生的变化,为舍内氨气的合理调控提供数据支持。【方法】试验采用单因素完全随机设计,将96只21日龄健康AA肉鸡随机分成对照组和试验组,每组设4个重复,每个重复12只鸡。对照组氨气浓度为0 mg·kg ^-1,试验组氨气浓度为45 mg·kg ^-1。试验在人工模拟呼吸舱内进行,呼吸舱采用全自动化控制温湿度等养殖条件,采用网上平养,自由采食和饮水,24h 光照,试验期为21d。在肉鸡42日龄时,从每个重复中随机抽取2只,翅静脉采血,分离血清。将血清样品预处理后,采用气相色谱/质谱联用技术（gas chromatograph tandem mass spectrometer technology, GC-MS）检测代谢产物,利用质谱数据库对其进行鉴定。通过主成分分析、偏最小二乘法判别分析、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析、t-检验等,寻找差异代谢物,并利用生物信息学方法对差异代谢物进行通路富集分析。【结果】（1）利用 GC-MS 方法,结合质谱数据库对检测到的代谢物进行快速鉴定,在肉鸡血清中共检测到204种代谢物。将代谢组数据导入SIMCA-P软件进行多元统计分析,结合t-检验筛选出 23种差异代谢物,其中上调19个,下调4个。（2）差异代谢物主要涉及能量代谢（乳酸、α-酮戊二酸）、氨基酸代谢（L-别苏氨酸、L-高丝氨酸、烟酰甘氨酸）、脂肪酸代谢（硬脂酸、亚麻酸、亚油酸、胆固醇）以及核苷酸代谢（次黄嘌呤、尿嘧啶、胸腺嘧啶）等。（3）代谢通路富集分析表明,氨气应激主要影响了肉鸡血清的脂肪代谢通路,如亚油酸代谢、花生四烯酸代谢以及α-亚麻酸代谢。【结论】GC-MS较为全面地检测到血清的代谢物,能够准确地筛选出差异代谢物,同时慢性氨气应激显著影响肉鸡的血清代谢物含量,主要影响脂肪代谢通路,为阐明氨气应激影响营养代谢的机制提供参考。     

养分管理对安溪茶园土壤肥力及茶叶品质的影响

安溪是铁观音的主产区,茶园养分管理滞后已成为该地区茶叶生产的瓶颈,本研究旨在为该地区茶园的养分管理提供科学依据。试验于2015年在安溪县采集了50个茶园的茶青与土壤样品,测定了土壤5项主要肥力指标和茶青中9种主要次生代谢物含量;并根据茶农氮肥用量调研数据,初步将茶园养分管理划分为:少量、中量和过度型等三种方式。限制性主坐标轴分析发现,此分类方式可解释34.4%(P0.001)茶园土壤肥力参数的总体差异,说明此分类方式能反映出不同茶园养分管理的总体水平;并且,养分管理对表层土壤有效磷的影响最为显著。进一步分析表明,养分管理对茶青综合品质的影响可解释品质总差异的7.48%(P0.001);大部分茶青次生代谢物在中量型管理下含量最高。说明养分管理影响安溪茶园土壤的肥力状况,施肥量过高或过低均不利于高品质茶叶的生产,该地区的建议施氮量约为200～400 kg·hm~(–2)·a~(–1)。     

Effect of relative humidity at either acute or chronic moderate temperature on growth performance and droppings' corticosterone metabolites of broilers

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of relative humidity(RH) at either acute or chronic moderate ambient temperature(Ta) on growth performance and droppings' corticosterone metabolites of broilers.Two experiments were conducted: effect of RH(35,60 or 85%) on average daily feed intake(ADFI) and droppings' corticosterone metabolites at acute(1 d: 20–26 or 31–20°C,26 or 31°C for 6 h d–1 at 10:00–16:00) moderate Ta(experiment 1) and effect of RH(35,60 or 85%) on growth performance and droppings' corticosterone metabolites at chronic(step-wisely increasing temperature by 3°C every 3 d from 20 to 32°C within 15 d: 20–23–26–29–32°C) moderate Ta(experiment 2).Droppings were collected at the 2,4,6,8,and 22 h after Ta-RH controlled in experiment 1 and at the 2,4,6,and 22 h after Ta controlled to 32°C in experiment 2.The results showed that: 1) In experiment 1,85% RH increased(P0.05) the droppings' corticosterone metabolites at the 2,6,8,and 22 h and 35% RH increased(P0.05) it at the 2 and 22 h compared to the 60% RH.Moreover,85% RH further increased(P0.05) it compared to the 35% RH,however,no difference(P0.05) was found in ADFI among the three RH groups at acute moderate 26°C; 35 and 85% RH increased(P0.05) droppings' corticosterone metabolites at the 2,6,8 and 22 h and decreased(P0.05) ADFI compared to the 60% RH,moreover,85% RH further increased(P0.05) droppings' corticosterone metabolites and further decreased(P0.05) ADFI compared to the 35% RH at acute moderate 31°C; and the average of droppings' corticosterone metabolites in the whole period had a negative correlation(P0.02) with the ADFI.2) In experiment 2,85% RH increased(P0.01) droppings' corticosterone metabolites only at the 2 h and decreased(P0.02) ADFI and average daily gain(ADG) compared to the 60% RH,no difference(P0.05) in droppings' corticosterone metabolites was found between the 35 and 60% RH,however,35% RH decreased(P0.01) ADG compared to the 60% RH,and the average of droppings' corticosterone metabolites in the whole period also had a negative correlation(P0.02) with ADFI and ADG.In conclusion,droppings' corticosterone metabolites could be used as a RH stress index and low and high RH,especially high RH,reduced growth performance possibly through inducing RH stress at moderate temperature.     

Effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio and wildrye length on nutrient intake,digestibility, plasma metabolites,ruminal fermentation and fecal microflora of male Chinese Holstein calves

Twenty-eight male, weaned Chinese Holstein calves((156.8±33.4) kg) were used to investigate the effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio(F:C) and forage length on nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and fecal microflora. Animals were randomly allocated to four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement: whole-length forage(WL) with low F:C(50:50); WL with high F:C(65:35); short-length forage(SL) with high F:C(65:35); and SL with low F:C(50:50). Chinese wildrye was used as the only forage source in this trial. The grass in the SL treatments was chopped using a chaff cutter to achieve small particle size(~50% particles 19 mm). Dry matter intake(DMI) and organic matter(OM) intake was increased by increasing both F:C(P0.01) and forage length(FL)(P0.05), while acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) intakes were only increased by increasing the F:C(P0.01). The digestibility of NDF was increased as the FL increased(P0.01), and it was also affected by interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05). Cholesterol(CHO)(P0.01), leptin(LP)(P0.05), and growth hormone(GH)(P0.01) concentrations in plasma were increased as dietary F:C increased. A significant increase in plasma triglyceride(TG)(P0.01), insulin(INS)(P0.05), and GH(P0.01) levels was observed with decreasing dietary FL. Ruminal p H values of calves fed with low F:C diets were significantly lower than those in high F:C treatment(P0.05). Increasing the F:C enhanced ruminal acetic acid(P0.05) and acetic acid/propionic acid(P0.01). Fecal Lactobacillus content was significantly higher, while Escherichia coli and Salmonella contents were significantly lower in WL and high F:C groups(P0.05). Lower fecal scores(higher diarrhea rate) were observed in calves fed with SL hay compared to WL hay(P0.05). Denatured gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) bands and richness index(S) were significantly affected by the interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05), under high F:C, band numbers and richness index from WL group were higher than that from SL group(P0.05), whereas there were no differences between WL andSL groups under low F:C(P0.05). Microflora similarity was 50–73% among the different treatments. It is concluded that the WL with high F:C(65:35) diet is suitable for weaned calves.     

Antioxidant activity and soluble sugars of African ginger (Siphonochilus aethiopicus) in response to irrigation regimen and nitrogen levels

African ginger (Siphonochilus aethiopicus), as a medicinal plant, is known for its medicinal properties, containing various antioxidant compounds and carbohydrates. Rhizome yield is improved by water regimens and fertilizers applied at plant phenological stages. However, the rhizomatous herb, which is traditionally used for the treatment of asthma, inflammation and malaria has limited information on water and nitrogen requirements for its production. This study assessed the effect of irrigation regimens (30%, 50% and 70% allowable depletion level (ADL) and nitrogen (N) levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200?kg?ha^?1) on antioxidant activity and carbohydrates on plant leaf, root and rhizome. The interaction treatment effect of severely stressed (70% ADL) with the N application of 100?kg?ha^?1 had significant effect on leaf phenolic concentration (87.02?±?2.51?mg?g^?1 gallic acid equivalent). Interaction effect of moderately stressed (50% ADL) and severely stressed (70% ADL) treatment with N application rate of 0?kg?ha^?1 had significant effect on plant flavonoids and phenolics in all plant parts. In plant carbohydrates, root had high sucrose content (47.68?±?9.0?mg?g^?1 dry weight) with the application of low N (0?kg?ha^?1) grown under severely stressed treatment. In conclusion, this implies that different S. aethiopicus parts can produce substantial amount of antioxidants and carbohydrates, as exhibited under low N and reduced water supply applied during the phenological cycle.     

CO_2浓度升高对万寿菊生长发育与光合生理的影响

为探究经济花卉万寿菊响应CO_2浓度升高的生理机制,以万寿菊金币品种为试材,利用OTC(open top chamber)系统进行CO_2浓度控制试验,测定了万寿菊形态特征、叶片组织结构、光合色素含量、光合作用及糖类代谢物的变化。结果表明,本试验种植的万寿菊维管束中无"花环状"结构,是菊科中的C_3植物。CO_2浓度升高后,万寿菊叶片栅栏组织增多,栅栏组织内的叶绿体数量增加,光合色素含量增加,净光合速率增强,气孔导度和蒸腾速率在现蕾期和初花期下降,而在盛花期增加,水分利用率在各生育时期均增加。此外,CO_2浓度升高后,万寿菊叶片中还原糖含量、可溶性总糖含量、淀粉含量、纤维素含量均增加。植株的株高、茎粗、单株茎秆重、单株总生物量均有增加,花朵总产量增加27.46%。综上可知,CO_2浓度升高促进了万寿菊叶片光合作用和碳代谢,有利于万寿菊的生长发育。本研究结果有助于揭示万寿菊响应CO_2浓度升高的生理机制,为未来的万寿菊生产开发提供了依据。