代乳粉添加甘露寡糖对7—28日龄湖羊羔羊胃肠道发育的影响

【目的】探讨代乳粉中添加甘露寡糖（mannan oligosaccharides,MOS）对7—28日龄湖羊羔羊胃肠道生长发育的影响。【方法】选择同质性良好的7日龄湖羊公羔（双羔）30只,随机分为2组,每组15只,每只为1个重复,对照组羔羊饲喂不含MOS的代乳粉,试验组羔羊饲喂含0.2 % MOS的代乳粉,试验期21d。羔羊28日龄时,两个试验组各随机选择8只羔羊屠宰,取出消化道,称量各胃室和肠段包含内容物的质量和净质量,量取各肠段长度,用以计算各部位的相对质量和内容物分布,以及各肠段的相对长度。多聚甲醛固定皱胃胃底腺区及十二指肠、空肠和回肠中段的组织样品,测定组织形态和小肠上皮细胞凋亡率。采集十二指肠、空肠和回肠的黏膜样品,测定紧密连接蛋白1 (claudin 1)、闭锁小带1（zonula occludens-1,ZO-1）和闭锁蛋白（occludin）的mRNA表达量。【结果】除空肠相对长度外（%全肠长度,P=0.040）,MOS对羔羊胃肠指数（%活体质量）、胃肠相对质量（%全胃质量、%全肠质量和%全胃肠质量）、肠道相对长度（%全肠长度）、内容物相对活体质量（%活体质量）、胃肠内容物相对总胃/肠内容物及总胃肠内容物相对质量（%总胃内容物、总肠内容物、总胃肠内容物）、小肠上皮细胞凋亡率和小肠黏膜claudin 1蛋白mRNA的表达量均没有产生显著影响（P＞0.05）,但MOS显著提高羔羊十二指肠绒毛高度和肌层厚度并显著降低绒毛宽度（P=0.033,P=0.047,P=0.015）,显著上调空肠ZO-1蛋白mRNA表达量（P=0.028）,此外,MOS有提高羔羊回肠绒毛高度、绒毛宽度和隐窝深度、皱胃肌层厚度及回肠occludin蛋白mRNA表达量的趋势（P=0.075,P=0.078,P=0.085,P=0.084,P=0.052）。【结论】MOS对7—28日龄湖羊羔羊胃肠道相对质量、长度和内容物分布基本无显著影响,但可改善十二指肠和回肠绒毛及肌层的组织形态,维持小肠屏障功能,有利于提高养分消化率。     

Herbage production,nutritive value and animal productivity within hardwood silvopasture,open and mixed pasture systems in Appalachia,United States

Demand for livestock food products is projected to increase dramatically through to 2050. Increased livestock production capacity on marginal lands will be critical to meeting this demand. A 5‐year research effort was undertaken to evaluate lamb and sward productivity within open and hardwood silvopasture (SP) systems in Appalachia, USA. Grazing began in mid to late April each year, with the grazing season averaging 141 d. Grazing system treatments during 2002 and 2003 grazing seasons were as follows: 100% open pasture (OP), 67% OP and 33% SP, and 67% OP and 33% SP with delayed SP grazing initiation (OSD). In 2004, a 100% SP (SP) system was added. Animals were rotationally stocked through either 6 (2002–2004) or 7 (2005–2006) paddocks. Open pasture produced greater (P < 0·001) grazing season herbage yield, while all systems generated similar animal performance. Based on summer solstice, herbage production in spring was greater (P < 0·001) than summer, except in 2003. Total non‐structural carbohydrate (TNC) content was greater (P < 0·05) in spring than in summer, except in 2004. Animal performance was superior in spring versus summer (P < 0·001). Animal plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) was lower (P < 0·05) for OP in 2003. When PUN was correlated with nutritive value indicators, the ratio of TNC to crude protein (CP) had the strongest correlation. The strong correlation indicates the need for synchronized ruminal energy and CP availability. Development of silvopasture from existing woodlots has potential to improve whole farm productivity on marginal lands.     

Death of a neonatal lamb due to Clostridium perfringens type B in New Zealand

ABSTRACT

Case history and clinical findings: A flock of 20 sheep was kept within three paddocks on a single property. None of the animals in the flock had been vaccinated against any disease for at least three years. Abdominal bloating and haemorrhagic diarrhoea were observed in Lamb 1 at 24 hours-of-age. The lamb subsequently died within an hour of the onset of clinical signs. Lamb 2 was 3-days-old when observed to be recumbent with opisthotonus. The lamb was treated with dextrose, vitamins B1 and B12, and penicillin G, but died 4 hours later.

Pathological findings: Examination of Lamb 1 revealed markedly increased gas within the peritoneum and within dilated loops of intestine. The intestines were dark red and contained large quantities of haemorrhagic fluid. Histology of the intestines revealed peracute mucosal necrosis with minimal accompanying inflammation. The intestinal lumen contained cell debris, haemorrhage, and myriad large Gram-positive bacilli. The intestines of Lamb 2 did not appear bloated or reddened. However, multiple fibrin clots were visible within the pericardial sac. Histopathological examination revealed small foci of necrosis within the mucosa of the distal intestine. The necrotic foci were often associated with large numbers of large Gram-positive bacilli.

Immunohistochemsitry and molecular biology: Intestinal samples from Lamb 1 were processed for Clostridium perfringens immunohistochemistry, which revealed large numbers of intralesional, positively immunostained rods. Fragments corresponding to the expected sizes for genes encoding alpha, beta, and epsilon C. perfringens typing toxins were amplified by PCR from DNA extracted from formalin-fixed sections of intestine.

Diagnosis: Lamb dysentery due to C. perfringens type B.

Clinical relevance: C. perfringens bacteria have a worldwide distribution, but disease due to C. perfringens type B has only been diagnosed in a small number of countries and has never been reported in New Zealand or Australia. C. perfringens type B produce both beta toxin and epsilon toxins, therefore both haemorrhagic enteritis and systemic vascular damage can develop. As many animals are exposed to C. perfringens without developing disease, there must be additional unknown factors that resulted in disease in these particular sheep. Vaccines that specifically protect against C. perfringens type B are available and may be recommended for use in smaller non-commercial flocks, as in the present case.     

饲养系统和日粮对羔羊屠宰性能和肌肉矿物质含量的影响

文章旨在探讨不同饲养系统和日粮对羔羊生长、屠宰性能及肌肉矿物质含量的影响。试验将平均体重为（13.97±0.55）kg的120只羔羊随机分为3组，每组4个重复，每个重复10只。T1组在室内饲喂基础浓缩料，每天补充100 g稻草，T2组在室内饲喂基础浓缩料，每天补充100 g稻草和锌硒复合矿物质（0.2 mg/d硒，50 mg/d锌），T3组在室外放牧，除了采食苜蓿草外，每天额外补充100 g稻草和100 g燕麦。试验时间为9周。结果：T1和T2组羔羊的末重、日增重、半胴体重、下肢深度、下肢重量、眼肌面积、颈、胸肌、肾重量均显著高于T3组（P＜0.05），但骨盆骨重量显著低于T3组（P＜0.05）。各处理组羔羊的可食用部分和骨盆肌肉重量无显著差异（P＞0.05）。T2组63 d羔羊血液硒含量较T1和T3组分别显著提高了19.83%和25.0%（P＜0.05），血液锌含量较T1和T3组分别显著提高了31.71%和45.91%（P＜0.05）。T3组羔羊肌肉钙含量较T1和T2组分别显著提高了8.79%和5.37%（P＜0.05）。T2羔羊肌肉硒和锌含量较T1和T3组分别显著提高了41.18%、65.52%和38.19%、46.15%（P＜0.05），T2和T3组羔羊肌肉钾含量较T1组分别显著提高了3.27%和4.28%（P＜0.05）。结论：在本试验条件下，放牧羔羊胴体的脂肪含量低于室内饲养的羔羊，室外放牧可以提高肌肉钙和钾含量，但肌肉硒含量降低。 [关键词]饲养系统|羔羊|屠宰性能|矿物质     

Isolation,Identification and Multidrug-resistant Analysis of the New Sequence Type ST989 Strain of Enterococcus faecium

Gram-positive cocci were isolated from half a month diseased lambs with a fatal infection in a sheep farm in Minhe county, Qinghai province.The clinical symptoms observed were drooping, reduced feed intake, emaciated and fever.The infected lambs died several hours after the disease been observed.Necropsy of two dying lambs revealed that for one lamb, the liver was enlarged and capsule of the liver dropped, and other organs had no obvious changes;For the other one, the organs had no obvious changes.After gram staining, gram-positive cocci were observed from all the samples.Partial Tuf gene sequences of these isolates were amplified and sequenced for species identification, BLASTn conparison result revealed that they had the highest sequence similarity with that of Enterococcus faecium (E.faecium) AUS0085 (99.8%), we thus primarily confirmed that these strains belonged to E.faecium.Antimicrobial susceptibility test indicated that these strains could be divided into two classes.Class 1 was resistant to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolones, rifamycins, lincomycin and clindamycin;Susceptible to chloromycetin and vancomycin.Class 2 was resistant to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, quinolones, rifamycins;Intermediate resistance to erythromycin and roxithromycin;But susceptible to clarithromycin, azithromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, chloromycetin and vancomycin.Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) based on seven housekeeping genes for E.faecium revealed that E.faecium lby1 strain in class 1 and E.faecium lbg3 strain in class 2 were defined as a new sequence type ST989.Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed the representative strain of these isolates, E.faecium lbg3, was clustered together with E.faecium ST468.The pathogenicity test revealed that E.faecium lby1 and lbg3 strains both had pathogenicity.     

绵山羊双羔素提高中国美利奴羊产羔率的研究

[目的]检验绵山羊双羔素的免疫效果,提高中国美利奴羊的繁殖率,增加养羊的经济效益。[方法]应用绵山羊双羔素(睾酮-3-羧甲基肟·牛血清白蛋白),在新疆维吾尔自治区巩乃斯种羊场和新疆生产兵团76团分别免疫中国美利奴新疆型羊841只和军垦型羊3 502只。[结果]新疆型试验组产羔率为143.68%,对照组产羔率为125.10%,试验组比对照组提高产羔率18.58%;军垦型试验组产羔率为120.27%,对照组产羔率为105.05%,试验组产羔率比对照组提高15.22%。[结论]绵山羊双羔素可以提高中国美利奴新疆型和军垦型羊的产羔率。     

不同药物防治羔羊奶结症临床效果分析

为寻找羔羊奶结症的有效防治药物，将筛选出的5组药物用于羔羊奶结症的防治试验？结果表明，第l组药物“消维康”口服液对于减少羔羊奶结的发生有明显作用，第2组药物四仙莪棱香附散治疗羔羊奶结效果最佳．     

不同断奶日龄羔羊瘤胃组织显微及超微结构比较

试验通过比较不同断奶日龄的湖羊羔羊瘤胃组织结构的差异，特别是瘤胃乳头超微结构变化，旨在为羔羊适宜断奶日龄的确定提供瘤胃生长发育的依据。选择新生湖羊羔羊24只（初生重：2.80 kg±0.08 kg），随机分为3组，每组8只，分别为30日龄早期断奶组（EEW-30）、45日龄早期断奶组（EW-45）和60日龄常规断奶组（NW-60）。在各断奶日龄及75日龄时每组分别屠宰4只羔羊，测定体重及瘤胃空重，计算瘤胃相对重量；采集瘤胃组织进行显微及超微形态学测定。结果显示：①EEW-30组羔羊断奶体重极显著低于NW-60组（P<0.01），而EW-45组与NW-60组断奶体重无显著差异（P>0.05）；75日龄时3组羔羊的体重无显著差异（P>0.05）。各组羔羊瘤胃相对重量与其体重变化规律相同。②光镜下可见：断奶时，EEW-30组瘤胃壁厚度极显著低于NW-60组（P<0.01），EW-45组与NW-60组无显著差异（P>0.05）；75日龄时，EW-45组羔羊瘤胃壁厚度显著高于NW-60组（P<0.05）。断奶时EEW-30组瘤胃乳头较短小，极显著短于NW-60组（P<0.01），EW-45组也显著短于NW-60组（P<0.05）。断奶时瘤胃乳头宽度和面积在3组间差异均不显著，在75日龄时也无显著组间差异（P>0.05）。③扫描电镜观测结果显示：EEW-30组断奶时单位面积瘤胃微乳头（ruminal micro-papillae）数量极显著低于NW-60组（P<0.01），而EW-45与NW-60组间无显著差异（P>0.05）；75日龄时，3组羔羊单位面积瘤胃微乳头数量无显著差异（P>0.05）。上述试验结果显示，断奶时羔羊瘤胃形态结构在EEW-30与NW-60组间差异明显，而EW-45与NW-60组较为接近，瘤胃微乳头状结构也呈相同变化趋势。提示45日龄时断奶较为适宜。     

代乳料原料组成对早期断奶羔羊生长及脏器发育的影响

为了探讨代乳料原料的不同组合效应对早期断奶羔羊的饲喂效果,选取25只甘肃高山细毛羔羊,分为5组,每组5只,对照组羔羊由母羊自由哺乳和放牧;试验组羔羊30日龄断奶,饲喂4种代乳料:A组主原料未膨化,B组主原料膨化,C组主原料膨化+血浆蛋白粉,D组在C组基础上增加乳清粉。试验期为30~90日龄。结果表明:50、70日龄时,对照组羔羊体质量最大,试验组羔羊受断奶应激的影响,相应指标较小。90日龄时,D组体质量显著高于B、C组(P0.05),超过了对照组。30~90日龄阶段,D组日增体质量最大,且显著高于B、C组(P0.05)。对照组脾脏质量显著高于4个试验组(P0.05),且脾脏指数最高。说明在代乳料中添加血浆蛋白粉及增加乳清粉,有利于羔羊健康发育,使代乳料的饲喂效果最佳。     

波尔山羊羔羊超数排卵及体外受精的研究

本试验探索波尔山羊羔羊超数排卵的可行性及体外受精效果。应用4种不同的促性腺组合，对16只7周龄的波尔山羊进行超排，并对采集的卵子实施体外受精。共获得卵母细胞918枚，其中超排处理Ⅰ组到Ⅳ组的可用卵母细胞数分别为49，87，429，293枚，各组间差异显著（0．01〈P〈0．05）。卵母细胞进行体外培养24h后与上游法获能的精子体外受精，48h后各组的卵裂率分别为27％，21％，60．2％，69％，其中CIDR＋PMSG＋FSH处理组、GnRH＋FSH处理组、PMSG＋FSH处理组差异极显著（P〈0．01）；6d到10d各组囊胚率分别为7％，6．5％，18％，13％，PMSG＋FSH处理组、GnRH＋FSH处理组、CIDR＋PMSG＋FSH处理组差异极显著（P〈0．01）。结果表明，CIDR＋FSH处理组和CIDR＋PMSG＋FSH处理组能显著提高超排效果，两组获得的卵子受精后的卵裂率和囊胚率高于其他组。