内蒙古大兴安岭北部原始林区森林火灾应急资源储备与调度研究

【目的】为更好地开展原始林区森林灭火工作,保护内蒙古大兴安岭北部原始林区森林生态资源。【方法】对内蒙古大兴安岭重点国有林管理局下辖的22个林业局,3个自然保护区的应急资源储备情况进行了整理,同时对北部原始林区森林火灾发生的时间规律和空间规律分别进行了分析,在此基础上采用ArcGIS软件,对内蒙古大兴安岭重点国有林管理局森林火灾应急资源的空间分布状况与内蒙古大兴安岭北部原始林区近5年森林火灾发生的空间分布状况进行了叠加分析,依据叠加分析的结果对内蒙古大兴安岭重点国有林管理局森林火灾应急资源空间分布的合理性进行了评判。【结果】叠加分析结果显示,目前内蒙古大兴安岭北部原始林区周边林业局森林火灾应急资源空间配置存在区域集聚以及北部原始林区附近应急资源配置不足等不合理问题。在对内蒙古大兴安岭重点国有林管理局森林火灾应急资源储备情况整理分析的基础上,创新性地提出了以应急物流系统所需时间最少和费用最小为目标进行优化的森林火灾应急资源分配模型。【结论】最后通过实例证明,该模型可以优化森林火灾应急物流系统中资源配置体系,为应急资源的合理调配提供了指导,对于实现科学决策指挥,保护北部原始林区森林生态资源具有一定的现实意义。     

生猪保险查勘定损工作中的生物安全风险防范措施探讨

在非洲猪瘟防控新形势下,各猪场都高度重视生物安全,对生物安全风险防范工作提出了新的要求。在这种情况下,过去生猪保险查勘定损中的一些传统做法已经不能适应新形势,出现了猪场封闭式管理和查勘定损工作相冲突,病死猪理赔监督不到位、死亡原因不明、处理不及时以及部分查勘员生物安全意识淡薄等现象。对此,有关部门和机构应加强生物安全培训,采用网络和电子化等手段变革传统工作方式,在保险机构和畜牧兽医部门间加强联动和信息共享,把查勘定损、无害化处理和疫病监测溯源工作有机结合,把生物安全风险降到最低。     

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural exports

The COVID-19 outbreak has shocked the world's economies in the year of 2020. As this pandemic spreads around the globe, many experts feared that the global food supplies might start running short, especially if supply chains were disrupted. COVID-19 also added to the uncertainty of the business operation. Therefore, it is critical to understand how COVID-19 pandemic affected global food supply and market. In this study, we investigate the impact of COVID-19 on agricultural export companies in China using a unique firm-level survey data. We found that although on average agricultural businesses experienced declines in the exports, exports of some agricultural products especially grain and oil held strong and even increased, implying the essential demand for staple food during the pandemic. Not surprisingly, exports of medicinal herb also increased significantly during the pandemic. However, exports of goods such as edible fungus and horticultural products sharply decreased. Our results also showed that in general, impact of COVID-19 on smaller firms was more severe than that on larger firms. The results of this study can provide useful guidance and implications for agricultural businesses and policy makers on their COVID-19 mitigation efforts to navigate this global pandemic.     

基于无人机与激光测距技术的农田地形测绘

平整地技术是提高作物单产的重要措施，而获取高精度的农田地形测绘数据与农田数字地形模型，是进行精准平整地作业的必要条件。为了解决传统接触式地形测绘效率低、基于航拍摄影技术的遥感地形测绘精度差及作业成本高等问题，该研究提出了一种基于多旋翼无人机与激光测距技术的农田地形测绘方法。在多旋翼无人机测绘平台上搭载激光测距模块与后处理动态差分全球定位系统设备（Post-Processing Kinematic Global Positioning System，PPK-GPS），获取激光测距序列、PPK-GPS三维定位数据以及无人机的飞行姿态数据。首先使用均值滤波器处理原始激光测距序列，并将得到的激光测距序列与PPK-GPS定位数据进行同步处理，使二者建立空间对应关系。根据无人机倾斜状态时的测距激光方向与理论竖直方向的空间几何关系，使用从无人机的飞行控制器中提取的姿态信息校正激光测距序列，消除无人机平台在飞行过程中俯仰与横滚姿态变化对激光测距精度的影响。最后，根据PPK-GPS定位数据的海拔高度分量与激光测距序列计算试验地块内地面测量点的海拔高度，共获取1 417组地面测量点的有效测绘数据。利用手持PPK-GPS设备对地面测量点的海拔高度进行测绘精度检验。验证试验结果表明，本文提出的无人机农田地形测绘系统获取的海拔高度与手持PPK-GPS设备采集的海拔高度的均方根误差为5.2 cm，表明该无人机农田地形测绘系统具有较高的测绘精度。与利用手持GPS设备进行地形测绘作业的方法相比较，本文提出的无人机农田地形测绘系统具有自动化程度高、作业效率高等优点。该研究可为促进精准平整地技术的大规模应用提供数据支持。     

突发水污染风险评价与应急对策研究进展

突发水污染事故的频繁发生,严重威胁着水生态环境,使水生生物受到威胁,社会经济遭受损失,造成恶劣社会影响。因此在事故发生前进行风险识别与评价,并采取应急预防控制措施是减小事故危害的重要手段。本文采用文献调研法综述了以突发水污染风险识别为前提的风险评价与应急对策的研究现状及发展趋势,采取专家意见法提出环境风险受体量化分级依据。并采用类比法对突发水污染风险评价的方式进行归类,依据环境风险特征对应急对策进行研究。归纳出突发水污染风险源包括固定污染源及移动污染源两种,得出突发水污染风险评价包含3种方式:定性评价法、半定量评价法及定量评价法,构建了应急预案的预警指标体系,并按照反应时间流程对应急预案进行了梳理。未来突发水污染风险评价与应急对策将进一步拓展风险源识别,构建完善的评价技术规范体系。     

清澜省级自然保护区红树林资源调查分析

通过样点实地调查,调查到海南清澜省级自然保护区具有真红树植物11科24种,半红树植物15科20种；根据组成种类,群落特征和立地条件,把红树林植物群落划分为12个红树林群系和4个半红树林群系。     

An assessment of carcass counting surveys with increasing time lapse following a simulated fish kill on a small upland stream

A simulated fish kill was conducted on a small upland stream in Northern Ireland by planting out hatchery‐produced brown trout Salmo trutta L. carcasses of various size categories. Standard, post‐fish kill, assessment walkover surveys were conducted over time intervals to determine the number of carcasses visible. The sample variance between individual surveyors was generally low, with good agreement between the observed counts for the three, discrete, size fractions of fish up to 72 hr after the simulated fish kill. Despite low discharge rates, shallow water and good accessibility to the experimental stream, only 52% of the small category fish (<8 cm L_F) were recorded 4 hr after the start of the simulated fish kill. Larger carcasses (>17 cm L_F) were more visible, and >90% were detected 48 hr after the start of the simulated fish kill. After 96 hr, all size fractions of carcasses had reduced significantly, and the variability between replicate surveys increased markedly.     

不同薏苡品种黑穗病发生情况调查

为筛选出适合宁化县推广种植的抗黑穗病品种，于2013年对当地种植的5个薏苡品种黑穗病发生情况进行调查，结果表明：龙薏一号黑穗病发病率最低，表现对黑穗病的抗性强，且产量较高，每667m2产量为257．43kg，适宜在薏苡黑穗病重发区推广种植。     

Identification and distribution of fungal pathogens associated with seedling blight of rice in the southern United States

Surveys were conducted in the five southern rice-producing states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri and Texas in the United States during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons to determine the distribution and pathogenicity of fungal pathogens associated with seedling blight in rice. A total of 349 pathogenic fungal isolates were collected and identified as belonging to four genera: Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., Sclerotium rolfsii and Marasmius graminum based on morphological characteristics, molecular analysis and Koch's postulates. R. solani (252 out of 349 pathogenic isolates) was the most prevalent fungus isolated from diseased samples. Of the 252 pathogenic R. solani isolates, 245 were further classified as anastomosis group 11 (AG-11) and 7 as AG-4. Isolates of R. solani AG-4 and M. graminum were the most aggressive, with the highest stand loss (63% to 100%) and median disease rating (DR; 5.0), followed by isolates of R. solani AG-11 (stand loss = 4% to 100% and DR = 0.6 to 5.0), Fusarium spp. (stand loss = 26% to 48% and DR = 2.0 to 5.0) and S. rolfsii (stand loss = 33% to 48% and DR = 2.0 to 3.0) in causing seedling blight in rice. R. solani (62% to 83% of total pathogenic isolates) and Fusarium spp. (10% to 24% of total pathogenic isolates) were predominant in all the five states surveyed. S. rolfsii and M. graminum were present only in Louisiana and Texas. The results of this first systematic survey of rice seedling diseases in the southern United States will help develop effective fungicide seed treatment strategies for control of stand loss caused by seedling blight, one of the major factors limiting rice production.