红外相机技术在河北雾灵山国家级自然保护区中的应用

为了充实河北雾灵山自然保护区的野生动物资源本底资料,提高监测能力和监测水平,雾灵山保护区自2015年开始将红外相机技术应用到野生动植物的资源调查和管护中。目前应用红外相机技术发现兽类5目10科14种,鸟类4目6科10种,掌握了区内主要物种猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)、狍(Capreolus)和勺鸡(Pucrasia macrolopha)的日活动节律,补充了保护区的本底调查资料,为保护区进一步开展金钱豹(Panthera pardus)、斑羚(Naemorhedus goral)和鸟类多样性等科学研究奠定了基础,为保护区制定关于野生动物资源的相关管护政策提供了科学依据。     

松阳县古松树的松材线虫病现状调查与分析

古松树是历史的见证,是文化的承载,其保护工作具有重要意义,但因松材线虫的传播侵染,其生存状况不容乐观。本研究以松阳古松树为对象,基于分子检测技术,对其松材线虫病现状进行了调查与分析。结果表明,有12个乡镇近60%的古松树均已感病,疫情较为严重,需及时开展抗病保护工作。     

江苏省西/甜瓜地的土壤养分状况及其对种植年限的响应

为了解江苏省西/甜瓜产区土壤养分现状,探究西/甜瓜种植年限与土壤养分间的关系,分别在西/甜瓜主产区的苏南、苏中和苏北地区7个市的瓜地采集150个土壤样品,对不同种植年限西/甜瓜土壤pH值、电导率(EC值)及养分进行分析。结果表明,不同西/甜瓜产区土壤的pH值、电导率及养分含量具有显著差异;从全省看,土壤有效锌含量为强变异,其余养分含量和pH值、电导率均为中等变异;7个市土壤速效磷、速效钾和有效锌的含量均达到丰富水平,硼含量均较缺乏;土壤电导率以盐城市为最高,而土壤有机质和全氮以盐城市为最低。同时发现,种植年限与土壤的全氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效锌、有效硼呈极显著正相关关系。总体看,江苏省不同西/甜瓜产地土壤速效养分较充足,应适当控制磷钾肥使用量,增加微量元素硼肥的使用。     

Effects of UV-B radiation intensity and timing on epidemiological components of wheat stripe rust

Stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is an important wheat disease worldwide that is greatly influenced by environmental conditions. Ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation is one important environmental factor affecting the occurrence and epidemiology of wheat stripe rust. Investigating UV-B radiation effects on the epidemiology of stripe rust may be conducive to monitoring and predicting this disease. In this study, wheat seedlings were exposed to UV-B radiation during different periods under laboratory conditions and radiation effects on epidemiological components of wheat stripe rust were investigated. Results showed that incubation period was shortened, and the infection efficiency, sporulation quantity and disease index increased when UV-B radiation was performed only pre-inoculation. When the UV-B radiation was performed only post-inoculation or both pre- and post-inoculation, the incubation period was prolonged, and the infection efficiency, sporulation quantity and disease index were reduced. When healthy wheat seedlings were inoculated using urediospores collected from wheat leaves irradiated by UV-B only post-inoculation or both pre- and post-inoculation, infection efficiency, sporulation quantity and disease index were also reduced. However, in the latter, the disease incubation period did not differ under varying UV-B radiation intensities compared to that when wheat leaves were not treated with UV-B radiation. Overall, the effects of direct exposure of wheat plants to UV-B radiation with different intensities in different periods on epidemiological components of wheat stripe rust were systematically explored, and the results suggest that the effects of UV-B radiation increased gradually with the increase of UV-B radiation intensity. This information provides a basis for monitoring and predicting this disease as well as for conducting further studies on pathogen virulence variation.     

内蒙古大兴安岭北部原始林区森林火灾应急资源储备与调度研究

【目的】为更好地开展原始林区森林灭火工作,保护内蒙古大兴安岭北部原始林区森林生态资源。【方法】对内蒙古大兴安岭重点国有林管理局下辖的22个林业局,3个自然保护区的应急资源储备情况进行了整理,同时对北部原始林区森林火灾发生的时间规律和空间规律分别进行了分析,在此基础上采用ArcGIS软件,对内蒙古大兴安岭重点国有林管理局森林火灾应急资源的空间分布状况与内蒙古大兴安岭北部原始林区近5年森林火灾发生的空间分布状况进行了叠加分析,依据叠加分析的结果对内蒙古大兴安岭重点国有林管理局森林火灾应急资源空间分布的合理性进行了评判。【结果】叠加分析结果显示,目前内蒙古大兴安岭北部原始林区周边林业局森林火灾应急资源空间配置存在区域集聚以及北部原始林区附近应急资源配置不足等不合理问题。在对内蒙古大兴安岭重点国有林管理局森林火灾应急资源储备情况整理分析的基础上,创新性地提出了以应急物流系统所需时间最少和费用最小为目标进行优化的森林火灾应急资源分配模型。【结论】最后通过实例证明,该模型可以优化森林火灾应急物流系统中资源配置体系,为应急资源的合理调配提供了指导,对于实现科学决策指挥,保护北部原始林区森林生态资源具有一定的现实意义。     

突发水污染风险评价与应急对策研究进展

突发水污染事故的频繁发生,严重威胁着水生态环境,使水生生物受到威胁,社会经济遭受损失,造成恶劣社会影响。因此在事故发生前进行风险识别与评价,并采取应急预防控制措施是减小事故危害的重要手段。本文采用文献调研法综述了以突发水污染风险识别为前提的风险评价与应急对策的研究现状及发展趋势,采取专家意见法提出环境风险受体量化分级依据。并采用类比法对突发水污染风险评价的方式进行归类,依据环境风险特征对应急对策进行研究。归纳出突发水污染风险源包括固定污染源及移动污染源两种,得出突发水污染风险评价包含3种方式:定性评价法、半定量评价法及定量评价法,构建了应急预案的预警指标体系,并按照反应时间流程对应急预案进行了梳理。未来突发水污染风险评价与应急对策将进一步拓展风险源识别,构建完善的评价技术规范体系。     

长三角地区某市垃圾焚烧行业环保现状调查研究

对长三角地区某市垃圾焚烧行业的环保现状进行了调查研究,结果发现:当前区域垃圾焚烧企业,在保证规模、控制数量及地域上均衡布置的前提下,行业废水、废气污染治理设施齐全,废水、废气均稳定可达标排放,调查时段内未有投诉问题。区域垃圾焚烧行业在做到当下要求的情况下,实现了区域垃圾焚烧行业污染可控,对城市垃圾焚烧行业环保发展具备借鉴意义。     

广西芒果树叶片苔藓发生情况调查及药剂筛选试验

对广西芒果树叶片苔藓的发生情况及防治药剂进行了初步研究?调查了广西芒果主产区的南宁市(武鸣区?兴宁区)和百色市(田东县?田阳县?田林县和右江区)?在南宁市开展4种药剂的18种不同浓度或者配比组合的药剂筛选试验?结果表明, 南宁市芒果树叶片平均发病率达到88.5%, 右江区发病率为81.7%, 其后依次为田东县?田林县和田阳县, 发病率分别为56.1%?54.8%和34.2%?通过不同药剂及其不同配比药效试验, 80%乙蒜素乳油的防效极显著优于46%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂?32%唑酮·乙蒜素乳油和70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂?80%乙蒜素乳油500倍液?1 000倍液和1 500倍液的防效分别为93.37%?85.82%和51.85%?综上, 芒果树叶片苔藓已在广西全区普遍发生, 南宁市和右江区受害严重, 推荐使用80%乙蒜素乳油1 000倍液防治?